Top 12 Moz Pro Enhancements in Q1 — Plus a Glimpse Into the Future
[Estimated read time: 6 minutes]
Just a few months back I wrote a blog post reviewing Moz Pro in 2015 and shared some of our lofty goals for 2016. Now that we're a quarter of the way through the year, I wanted to share some of the progress we've made and offer a glimpse into other great SEO features we'll be working on over the next three months.
Want to learn more about Moz Pro?
Campaign rankings leveled up
We https://moz.com/community/users/451238 overhauled Moz Pro's rankings architecture, dramatically improving response times and unlocking all kinds of new features. For the full scoop on the core release, check out Jeremys excellent post. Below are some improvements included in the bigger release, as well as some additions we made after the fact.
#1: See your rankings data over any timeframe
For years we collected your rankings data over time, but, confoundingly, we were never able to make that data fully accessible in the product. We're pleased as punch that this is now supported on top of our more stable and flexible architecture. This is great for those looking for deeper comparisons, analyses, and reporting.
#2: Advanced sorting and filtering
Those same architectural limitations made it slow and laborious for us to build in new filters and sorting. You can now filter to your hearts content by location, label, and text string. For example, you might quickly create a filter to show only your branded keywords, with a location of Seattle, and that include the word coffee. This is especially powerful when you have a long list of keywords, where sorting and filtering was once slow and unmanageable. Oh, and you can sort your keywords alphabetically now too. Thanks for your patience!
#3: Google algorithm overlays https://www.marketing1on1.com/search-engine-optimization-services/ on your graphs
Dr. Pete has done some amazing work in tracking Google algorithm updates with Mozcast. You can now leverage that data to get more value out of your rankings reports. If you go to one of your campaigns and look at your last year or two of rankings data, you'll see vertical lines on the graph corresponding to major algo updates. Hover over the little icon at the bottom to learn more about what happened. If youve seen your organic search traffic suddenly increase or decrease, this is another great diagnostic in your toolkit.
#4: Improved performance and UX
Our new, better-organized, cleaner interface makes it easier to read and customize your reports. Faster pages are pretty nice, too.
#5: New weekly email updates
This is another improvement that Im pretty psyched about. Our new emails are cleaner and more informative, and now include both ranking updates and important insights that we discover for you each week. We plan to add more timely information to these as we continue to improve our datasets and refine the logic behind Insights.
On-page analysis is much better with Related Topics
In March we launched a new feature that can help you make sense of how search engines understand topics and phrases. You can use this data to build deeper content, improve your topical authority, find keyword ideas, and generally better understand the SERP. It uses machine learning and topic modeling to mine related topics from the SERPs.
#6: Topical analysis report
See the topics that your SERP competition is writing about. This can help you understand what kinds of keywords signal topical relevance and provide good ideas for how you can make your content more robust and relevant to searchers. Im not going to go too deep here, but check out Jon Whites fantastic post for some great tips and examples to get the most from this feature.
#7: Quick access to on-page and topical analyses from Rankings
Page Optimization scores are now included in your rankings views, so you can see which landing pages have potential for optimization and jump directly to the report for keyword targeting suggestions and topical analysis.
Weve made Insights better
A long while back, we dabbled with a new section in campaigns called Insights. This mini-dashboard is tasked with surfacing interesting problems, statuses, and insights from across all sections within a campaign. This section is still a work in progress, but we made some nice additions in the last couple of months.
#8: "To do" and "done"
We heard feedback that many of you are using the Insights as to-do list items. Now you can check them off your list once you've read them, or when they're complete. A new workflow improvement allows you to dismiss an insight you're done with. This allows for better tracking of work progress.
#9: Add to Trello
If you need a more robust workflow, weve added a way to quickly add insight tiles to Trello. Trello is a power task management solution, which also happens to be free. Ive used it quite a bit myself, and happily recommend it.
#10: Rankings Summary tile
A new tile providing a quick look at your latest rankings, including your most significant improvements and declines.
Reporting got some needed attention
Outside of the more obvious features Ive shared, weve also been working quietly behind the scenes to make our reporting and exports better.
#11: Customizable CSV exports for rankings
When we launched the ability to select custom timeframes in rankings, one feature that lagged was the ability to export data specific to that timeframe. We recently launched updated CSVs in that section that will respect filters as well as time frames.
#12: Revamped interface for custom reports
Adding and managing custom reports is easier to use and easier on the eyes.
A glimpse into the future
We have a few other tricks up our collective sleeves.
Keyword Explorer!
Yup, this long-anticipated keyword research tool is literally just around the corner. Be wary.
Keyword analysis page revamp
When you click on a keyword from a campaign, you will very soon be presented with a much cleaner and more informative analysis to help you understand your history with that keyword and its SEO potential.
Keyword volume in campaigns
Weve been working on a more accurate keyword volume metric that offers a volume range built on multiple data sources, instead of a very precise but often incorrect number. You'll find this soon on the keyword analysis page, and a bit later along with your keywords rankings, so you can better gauge the value of the keywords you track and the rankings you earn.
SERP features
A high organic ranking is excellent, it's true. However, with an increasing number of ads, packs, and answers on many SERPs, your visibility might still be low. We plan to include the top SERP features that SEOs can act on along with your rankings. This can help you better understand visibility and inform strategic choices.
On-page reports from the Mozbar
Kick off a page analysis report directly from the MozBar as you review the page on your site.
Real PDF exports
Our current PDF export solution is functional, but pretty rough. It converts page modules into images and then encapsulated them in a PDF. Yeah not so great. We'll soon launch an updated method for creating PDFs so that they include text as text and images as images, offering better editing, copying, and image quality.
New & improved site crawl
Expect big improvements to the interface and the data surfaced. On top of that, this update includes a rewrite of the crawler itself, allowing for faster and more reliable crawling. We are targeting a beta in Q2 and a full launch in Q3.
In conclusion...
Were keeping busy and trying to bring more value to our products. If you arent a customer and want to check things out, go ahead and give Moz Pro a spin with a 30-day free trial.
As always, please share your thoughts. We count on your candid feedback to help us guide our priorities build better products.
Before I go:
I want to give a shout out to our sisters and brothers at Moz that are working tirelessly on focused offerings for content marketing, influencer marketing, local search, and API data access. If you find yourself in need for such tools, check them out!
http://tracking.feedpress.it/link/9375/3075291
Do Search Click-Throughs Help Determine Whether a Page Appears in Google Search Results?
In a recent article at Search Engine Land we were told that Google Posts That Local Results Are Influenced By Clicks, Then Deletes That. It caught my attention, and had me investigating further.
Patents Involving Clicks Influencing Search Results
It made me recall three patents which described when clicks might influence whether or not pages appeared for certain queries.
The first patent I wrote about in a post titled Google Patents Click-Through Feedback on Search Results to Improve Rankings. The patent that post was about was Modifying search result ranking based on a temporal element of user feedback
The second patent was one I wrote about in the post How Google May Identify Implicitly Local Queries, which told us that Google might start showing additional web SEO Specialist search results in response to queries, when they had some kind of local significance. I noticed Google doing this for a client in Florida, and on searches in the two counties where the client operated, a link to the site was showing up at number 4 in the search results for a very relevant and broad query. The patent that this post was about was Identification of implicitly local queries.
In February of 2012, Google reported upon an upgrade of this nature in the post Search quality highlights: 40 changes for February, where they told us about this:
Improved local results. We launched a new system to find results from a users city more reliably. Now were better able to detect when both queries and documents are local to the user.
But that first version of the patent had nothing to do with click-throughs. Those appear to have possibly been an added feature. I noticed that this patent had been updated a couple of years later in a continuation patent, where an author had been added to the patent (Navneet Panda the search quality engineer that the Google Panda update was named after), and the claims section was rewritten to include both web search results and local search results, and a kind of a click requirement appeared to be added, so that the elevation of results that were showing that might have been added to results because of some local significance seemed to depend upon whether or not they were getting clicked upon sufficient numbers of times. As the claims section of the newer version of the patent tells us:
9. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting a final set of search results responsive to the search query comprises selecting, for inclusion in the final search results, local search results that have at least a minimum threshold click-through-rate when presented in response to the local search query.
The newer version of the patent is:
Locally Significant Search Queries
Check to See if Your Pages are Considered Locally Significant
It can help you to perform searches that may appear to be local to a place to see if it is showing up in search results as a locally significant page. One of my co-workers, Dan Hinckley, wrote a post today on the Go Fish Digital blog about how you can use the Emulator built into Google Chrome to do so, in the post How to Change Your Location for Local Search Results The Always Up-To-Date Guide. Try it out, but be careful. I was being blocked by a Chrome Extension from using the Emulator built into Chrome correctly.
In 2007, I wrote about another Google patent in the post. Googles OneBox Patent, where I wrote about the Google patent Determination of a desired repository. This patent told us about when Google would choose to show off an Answerbox result in response to a query, which often would be a local search Maps result at the top of search results (and sometimes it would be an image result, or a news result, and possibly now Question Answer results). The patent seemed to tell us that it would decide upon what to show as an One Box result based upon people clicking that result, and showing an interest in it, and the decision of what to show us might be based upon history of searches associated with a query:
21. The system of claim 18, further comprising: a model generation system to generate a model that determines a score associated with a likelihood that a particular user desires information from a repository when the user provides a particular search query.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the model is a lookup table and the score corresponds to a click-through rate associated with a repository when the user provides the particular search query.
23. The system of claim 21, wherein when determining a score for each of a plurality of repositories, the search engine system is configured to: determine a score for each of the repositories based on the model.
24. The system of claim 21, wherein when generating a model, the model generation system is configured to: store log data associated with a plurality of prior searches, and use the log data to train the model.
Take-Aways
Google does have some patents that illustrate how they might use clicks upon specific searches to determine what results they might display in search results, and where those might be ranked.
Whether or not Google uses information about click throughs seems to be something that they have been denying, and we cant be certain about. Google has told us that just because they have a patent on something doesnt necessarily mean they are using what is described in that patent:
[embedded content]
Do click-throughs determine whether certain pages appear in https://www.reddit.com/r/seo search results? We cant be certain, but it appears like a possibility.
Article NameDo Search Click-Throughs Help Determine Whether a Page Appears in Google Search Results?DescriptionA look at Google patents that indicate that people clicking upon particular search results may influence what is shown in those results. Bill Slawski Total Shares 225
http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/seobythesea/Tesr/~3/ybMmbxk8ybE/
The Guide to International Website Expansion: Hreflang, ccTLDs, & More!
[Estimated read time: 25 minutes]
Growth. Revenue, visits, conversions. We all want to see growth. For many, focusing on a new set of potential customers in another market (international, for instance) is a source of growth. It can sometimes seem like an easy expansion. If your current target market is in the US, UK, or Australia, the other two look promising. Same language, same content all you need is to set up a site for them and target it at them, right?
International expansion is more complicated than that. The ease of expansion depends highly on your business, your resources, and your customers. How you approach expansion and scale it over time takes consideration and planning. Once youve gone down a path of URL structure and a process for marketing and content, its difficult to change.
This guide is here to help you go down the international expansion path on the web, focused on ensuring your users see the right content for their query in the search engines. This guide isnt about recommendations for translation tools or how to target a specific country. It is all about international expansion from a technical standpoint that will grow with your business over time.
At the end is a bonus! A flow chart to help you troubleshoot international listings showing up in the wrong place in the SERPs. Have you ever wondered why your Canadian page showed for a user in the US? This will help you figure that out!
Before we begin: Terminology
ccTLD A country-specific top-level domain. These are assigned by ICANN and are geo-targeted automatically in Google Search Console.
gTLD A generic top-level domain. These are not country-specific and if used for country-specific content, they must be geo-target inside of Google Search Console or Bing Webmaster Tools. Examples include .com, .net, and .tv. Examples from Google found here.
Subdomain A major section of a domain, distinguished by a change to the characters before the root domain. The most-used standard subdomain is www. Many sites start with www.domain.com as their main subdomain. Subdomains can be used for many reasons: marketing, region targeting, branded micro sites, and more.
Subfolder A section of a subdomain/domain. Subfolders are sections marked by a trailing slash. Examples include www.domain.com/subfolder, or in terms of this guide, www.domain.com/en or www.domain.ca/fr.
Parameter A modifier of a URL that either tracks a path of a user to the content or changes the content on the page based on the parameters in the URL. These are often used to indicate the language of a page. An example is www.domain.com/page1?lang=fr, with lang being the parameter.
Country A recognized country that has a ccTLD by ICANN or an ISO code. Google uses ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 for hreflang.
Region Collections of countries that the general public groups together based on geography. Examples include the EU or the Middle East. These are not countries and cannot be geo-targeted at this time.
Hreflang A tag used by Google to allow website owners to indicate that a specific page has a copy in another language. The tags indicate all other translated versions of that page along with the language. The language tags can have regional dialects to distinguish between language differences like British English and American English. These tags can reside on-page or in XML sitemaps.
Meta language The language-distinguishing tag used by Bing. This tag merely informs Bing of the language of the current page.
Geo-targeting Both Bing Webmaster Tools and Google Search Console allow website owners to claim a specific domain, subfolder, or subdomain, and inform the search engine that the content in that domain or section is developed for and targeted at the residents of a specific country.
Translation Changing content from one language or regional dialect to another language or regional dialect. This should never be done with a machine, but rather always performed by someone fluent in that language or regional dialect.
Understanding country and language targeting
The first step in international expansion planning is to determine your target. There is some misunderstanding between country targeting and language targeting. Most businesses start international expansion wanting to do one of two things:
Target users that speak another language.
Example A business in Germany: We should translate our content to French. Target users that live in another part of the world.
Example A business in Australia: We should expand into the UK. False associations: Country and language
The first issue people run into is associating a country and a language. Many of the worlds top languages have root countries that share the same name; specifically, France/French, Germany/German, Portugal/Portuguese, Spain/Spanish, China/Chinese, Japan/Japanese, and Russia/Russian. Many of these languages are used in a number of other countries, however. Below is a list of the top languages used by Internet users.
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
Please note this is not the list of top languages in the world; that is a vastly different list. This list is based on Internet usage. And there are some languages that only have one country set as the official language, but users exist in other countries that browse the Internet with that language as their preferred language. An example might be a Japanese national working in the US setting up a new office.
Another note is that the main country chosen above is what country is the originator of the language (English) or what country shares a name with/is close to the language name. This is how many people associate languages and countries in most instances, but those assumptions are not correct.
Flags and languages
We must disassociate languages and countries. There are too many times when a country flag is used to note a language change on a site. Flags should only be used when the country is being targeted, not the language.
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
Web technology and use impacts targeting
The second issue arises in the execution. The business in Germany from the first few examples might hire a translator from France and translate their content to French. From there, the targeting can get confused based on where that content is placed and how it is tagged.
Below are some implementations of posting the translated content we might see by the business. This table looks at a variety of combinations of ccTLDs, gTLDs, subfolders, subdomains, hreflang tagging, and geo-targeting. Each combination of URL setup and tagging results in different targeting according to search engines and how that can impact the base number of Internet users in that group.
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
Given the above, you can see that the implementation is not as straightforward as it might seem. There's no single right answer in the above possible implementations. However, many of them change the focus of the original target market (speakers of the French language) and that has an impact on the base target market.
International search strategy tool
This is what many of us face when trying to do international expansion. There is conflicting data on what should be done. This is why I developed a tool to help businesses determine which route they should take in international expansion. It helps them determine what their real focus should be (language, country, or if they need to use both) and narrows down the list of choices above while understanding their business needs, resources, and user needs. It's developed over the years from a flow chart, to a poorly designed tool, to a better-structured tool found by clicking the link in the image below.
Start with those questions and then come back here when you have other questions. Thats what the rest of this guide is about. Its broken down into three types of targeting:
Language Country Hybrid (multiple countries with multiple languages)
No one type is easier than another. You really need to choose the path early on and use what you know of your business, user needs, and resources.
Language targeting
Language-only targeting can seem like the easiest route to take, as it doesnt require a major change and multiple instances of marketing plans. Country-focused targeting requires new targeted content to each targeted country. There are far fewer languages in the world than countries. In addition, if you target the major world languages, you could potentially start with a base of millions of users that speak those languages.
However, language targeting involves two very tricky components: translation and language tagging. If either of these components are not done right, it can cause major issues with user experience and indexation.
Translation
The first rule of working with languages and translation is NEVER machine translate. Machine translation is highly inaccurate. I was just at an all-inclusive resort in Mexico, and you could tell the translations were done by a machine, not a person. Using machine translations produces a very poor user experience and poor SEO targeting as well.
Translations of content should always be done by a human who is fluent both in that language and the original language of the content. If you are dealing with regional variations, it is recommended to get someone that is native to and/or living in that area to https://www.seoinc.com/search-engine-optimization translate, as well as being fluent.
Spending the right resources on translation will ensure the best user experience and the most organic traffic.
Language tagging: Hreflang and meta language
When you hear about translation and international expansion, the first thing people think about is the hreflang tag. Relative to the Internet, the hreflang tag is new. This launched in late 2010. It is only used by Google as of when this post was written. If the bulk of your traffic comes from Google and you are translating only, this is of use to you. However, do know that Bing uses a different tag format, called the meta language tag.
Tips: Ensure that there's an hreflang tag on every page that's translated to every other translated instance of that page. I prefer the tags be put in XML sitemaps (instructions here) to keep the tagging off the page, as any removal of code increases page load time, no matter how small. Do what works for your team.
What about x-default?
One of the tagging mistakes that happens most often is using x-default. Many people misunderstand its use. X-default was added to the hreflang markup family to help Google serve un-targeted pages, like those from IKEA and FedEx, to users that dont have language-targeted content on that site or Google doesnt know where to place them. This tag is not meant to set the "original" page.
Checking for tagging issues
Once you have your tagging live (or on a testing server that is crawlable by Google but not indexable), you can check for issues inside of Google Search Console. This will let you know what tag issues you are having and where they're located.
URL selections
Choosing the URL structure of your language extensions is totally up to you. If you are focusing on language targeting only, dont use a ccTLD. Those are meant for targeting a specific country, not a language. ccTLDs automatically geo-target and that selection cannot be changed. Your other choices are subfolder, subdomain, and parameter. They're listed below in order of my professional preference and why.
Subfolders provide a structure that's easier to build upon and develop as your site and business grows and changes. You might not want to target specific countries now or have the resources, but you may someday. Setting up a subfolder structure allows you to use the same structure for any future ccTLDs or subdomains for country sections in the future. Your developers will appreciate this choice because it's scalable for hreflang tags, as well. Parameters allow a backup system in case your tagging fails in a site update in the future. Parameters can be defined in Google as being used to modify the language on the page. If your other tags are lost, that parameter setting is still telling Google that the content is being translated.
Using a parameter for language is also scalable for future plans and easy for tagging, like subfolders. The downsides are that they're ugly and might accidentally be negated by a misplaced rel canonical tag in the future. Subdomains for language targeting is my least favorite option. Only use this if it's the only option you have, by decree of your technical team. Using subdomains for languages means that if you change plans to target countries in the future, you'll lose many options for URLs there. To follow the same structure for each country, you would need to use ccTLDs; while those are the strongest signal for geo-targeting, they are also the option that requires the most investment.
Notice that ccTLDs are not on this list. Those are only for geo-targeting. Unless you're changing your content to focus on a specific country, do not use ccTLDs. I say this multiple times for a reason: too many websites make this mistake.
Detecting languages
Many companies want to try to make the website experience as easy as possible for the user. They attempt to detect the users preferences without needing input from the user. This can cause problems with languages.
There are a few ways to try to determine a users language preferences. The most-used are browser settings and IP address. It is not recommended to ever use the IP address for language detection. An IP address can show an approximate user location, but not their preferred language. The IP address is also highly inaccurate (just the other day I was "in" North Carolina and live in Austin) and Google still only crawls from a US IP address. Any automatic redirects based on IP should be avoided.
If you choose to try to guess at the users language preference when they enter your site, you can use the browsers language setting or the IP address and ask the user to confirm the choice. Using JavaScript to do this will ensure that Googlebot does not get confused. Pair this with a good XML sitemap and the user can have a great interaction. Plus, the search engines will be able to crawl and index all of your translated content.
Country targeting, AKA geo-targeting
If your business or content changes depending on the location of the user, country targeting is for you. This is the most common answer for those businesses in retail. If you offer a different set of products, if you have different shipping, pricing, grouping structure, or even different images and descriptions, this is the way to go.
Example: If a greeting card business in the US wanted to expand to Australia, not only are the prices and products different (some different holidays), the Christmas cards are VASTLY different. Think of Christmas in summer, as it is in Australia, and only being able to pick from cards with winter scenes!
Dont go down the geo-targeting route if your content or offerings dont change or you dont have the resources to change the content. If you launch country-targeted content in any URL structure (ccTLD, subdomain, or subfolder) and the content is identical, you run the risk of users coming across another countrys section.
Check out the flow chart at the end to help figure out why one version of your site might be ranking over another.
Example: As a web development service in Canada, you want to expand into the US. Your domain at the moment is www.webdevexpress.ca (totally made up!). You buy www.webdevexpress.us (thats the ccTLD for the US, by the way). Nothing really needs to change, so you just use the same content and go live. A few months down the road, US clients are still seeing www.webdevexpress.ca when they do a brand name search. The US domain is weaker (fewer links, mentions, etc.) and has the same content! Google is going to show the more relevant, stronger page when everything is the same.
Regions versus countries
Knowing what country or which countries you want to focus on in expansion is usually decided before you determine how to get there. That's what spawns the conversation.
There's one misconception that can throw off the whole process of expansion, and that is that you can target a region with geo-targeting. As of right now, you can purchase a regional top-level domain like .eu, but those are treated as general top-level domains like .com or .net.
The search engines only operate geo-targeting in terms of countries right now. The Middle East and the European Union are collections of countries. If you set up a site dedicated to a region, there are no geo-targeting options for you.
One workaround is to select a primary country in that region, perhaps one in which you have offices, and geo-target to that country. Its possible to rank for terms in that primary language in surrounding countries. We see this all the time with Canada and the US. If the content is relevant to the searcher, its possible to rank no matter the searcher.
Example: If youre anywhere other than the UK, Google "fancy dress" you see UK sites, right? At least in the US, "fancy dress" is not a term we use, so the most relevant content is shown. I cant think of a good Canadian/US term, but I guarantee there are some out there!
URL selections
The first thing to determine in geo-targeting beyond the target countries is URL structure. This is immensely important because once you choose a structure, every country expansion should follow that. Changing URL structure in the future is difficult and costly when it comes to short-term organic traffic.
In order of my professional preference, your choices are:
Subfolders. As with the language/translation option, this is my preferred setup, as it utilizes the same domain and subdomain across the board. This translates to utilizing some of the power you already built with other country-focused areas (or the initial site). This setup works well for adding different translations within one country (hybrid approach) down the line.
Note: If you go with subfolders on both, always lead with the country, then language down the line.
Example: www.domain.com/us/es (US-focused, in Spanish language) or www.domain.com/ca/fr (Canada-focused, in Canadian French). ccTLDs. This is the strongest signal that you're focusing your content on a specific country. They geo-target automatically (one less step!), but that has a downside as well. If you started with a ccTLD and expanded later, you cant geo-target a subfolder within a ccTLD at this point in time.
Example: www.domain.ca/us will not work to target the US. The target will remain Canada. It might rank in the US, depending on the term competition and relevance, but you cant technically geo-target the /us subfolder within the Canadian ccTLD. Subdomains. My last choice, because while you're still on the same root domain, there's that old SEO part of me that thinks a subdomain loses some equity from the main domain. BUT, if your tech team prefers this, there's nothing wrong with using a subdomain to geo-target. You'll need to claim each subdomain in Search Console and Bing Webmaster Tools and set the geo-target for each, just as you would with subfolders.
Example: gb.domain.com Content changes
The biggest question asked when someone embarks on country-targeting expansion is: How much does my content need to change to not be duplicated? In short there is no magic number. No metric. There isnt a number of sentences or a percentage. How much your content needs to change per country site or subsite is entirely up to your target market and your business.
You'll need to do research into your new target market to determine how your content should change to meet their needs. There are a number of ways you might change your content to target a new country. The most common are:
Product differentiation
If you offer a different set of products or services to different countries by removing those that are not in demand, outlawed, or otherwise not wanted, or by adding new products for that country specifically, that is changing your site content.
Example #1: Amazon sells the movie "Elf" in the US and the UK, but they are different products. DVDs in Europe are coded for Europe and might not play on US players.
Example #2: Imagine you're a drugstore in the UK and want to expand to the US. One of your products, 2.5% Selenium Sulphide, is not approved for use in the US. This is one among hundreds or thousands of products that are different.
Naming schema
The meaning of product names can change in different countries. How a specific region terms a product or service can change as well, making it necessary to change your product or service naming schema.
Keyword usage
Like the above, the words you use to describe your products or services might change in a new country. This can look like translation, but if its the change of just a few terms, its not considered full translation. There's a fine line between these two things. If you realize that the only thing you're changing is the wording between US and UK English, for example, you might not need to geo-target at all and mark the different pages as translations.
Keyword use change example: "Mum" versus "Mom" or "Mother" when it comes to Happy Mothers Day cards. You need to offer different cards in this and other categories because of the country change. This is more than a word change, so its a case of geo-targeting not just translation.
Translation change example: Etsy.com. Down at the bottom of the page, you can change your language setting. I set mine to UK English, and words like "favourite" started to show up. If this sounds like what you would need to do and your content would not change otherwise (Etsy shows all content to all users regardless of their location), consider translation only.
Pricing structure
Many times, one of the most common things that change in country-specific content is pricing. There's the issue of different currency, but more than that, different countries have different supply and demand markets that should and will change your pricing structure.
Imagery changes
When dealing with different cultures, sometimes you find the need to change your site imagery. If youve never explored psychology, I highly recommend checking out The Web Psychologist Nathalie Nahai and some of her talks. Understanding your new target markets culture is imperative to marketing effectively.
Example: Samsung changes the images on their UK versus China sites to change the focus from an individualistic to a collectivistic culture. See my presentation at SearchLove San Diego for more examples.
Laws, rules, and regulations
One of the most important ways to change your content is to satisfy the local laws and regulations. This is going to depend on each business. You might deal with tons, while others might deal with none. Check out local competitors the biggest you can identify to see what you might need to do.
Example: If you move into the UK and set cookies on your visitors machine, you have to alert them to the use of cookies. This is not a law in the US and is easily missed.
User experience and IP redirects
When people start moving into other countries, one of the things they want to ensure is that users get to the right content. This is especially important when products change and the purchase of an incorrect product would cause issues for the user, or the product isnt available to them. Your customer service, user experience, or legal team is going to ask that you redirect users to the correct country. Everyone gets to the right place and the headaches lessen.
There isnt anything wrong with asking a user to select the country they reside in and set a cookie, but many people dont want to bother their users. Therefore, they detect the users IP address and then force a redirect from there. There are two problems with this setup.
IP addresses are inaccurate I was in Seattle, WA once and my IP had me in Washington, DC. No kidding. Look at that distance on a map. Think about that distance in terms of Europe and how much might change there. Google crawls from California For the time being, using an IP-based forced redirect will ensure your international content is not indexed. Google will only ever see the US content if you do a forced redirect.
You can deal with this by detecting the country-using IP address (or if organic traffic, what version of Google they came from) and using a JavaScript popup to ask what their preferred country is, then set a cookie with that preference. Even if the user clicks on another countrys content in the future, they will be redirected to their own.
No hreflang??
If you went through that tool, you noticed that my geo-targeting plan does not include hreflang. Many other people disagree with me on this point, saying that the more signals you can send, the better.
Before I get into why I dont recommend setting up hreflang between country targeted sub-sites, let me make one thing clear. Setting up hreflang will not hurt your site if you are really focusing on country targeting and its not that intricate of a setup yet (more on that later). Lets say you're in Canada and want to open a US-targeted site. Your content changes because your products change, your prices change, your shipping info changes. You create domain.com/us and geo-target it to the US. You can add hreflang between each page that is the same between the two sub-sites two products that exist in both locations, for example. The hreflang will not hurt.
Example: If you dont have the resources to change your content at the moment to fully target the UK, only translate your content a bit between your US (domain.com) and UK (domain.co.uk), and have plans to change your content down the road, an hreflang tag between those two ccTLDs can help Google understand the content change and who you're targeting.
Why I dont recommend hreflang for geo-targeting only
Hreflang was meant to help Google understand when two pages are exactly the same, but translated. It works much like a canonical tag (which is why using another canonical can be detrimental to the hreflang working) in which you have multiple versions of one page with slight changes.
Many people get confused because there's the ability to use country codes in the hreflang tags. This is for when you need to tell Google of a dialect change. An example would be if you have two sub-sites that are identical, but the American English has been changed to British English. It's not meant to inform Google that content that's targeted at a different country is targeted at that country.
When I recommend geo-targeting only, I make it very clear to clients that going down this route means you really need to change the content. International business is so much more than just translation. Translating content only might hurt your conversion rates if you miss some aspect of the new target market.
Hiring content writers in that country that understand the nuances is very important. I worked for a British company for 4 years, so I get some of the differences, but things continually surprise me still. I would never feel comfortable as an American writing content for a British audience.
I also dont recommend hreflang in most geo-targeting cases, because the use of geo-targeting and hreflang can get really confusing. This has led to incorrect hreflang tags in the past that have wreaked havoc on Google's understanding of the site structure.
Example: A business starts off with a Canadian domain (domain.ca) and a France domain (domain.fr). They use hreflang between the English for Canada and French for France using the code below. They then add a US site and the code is modified to add a line for the US content.
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="http://domain.ca/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="http://domain.fr/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="http://domain.com/" />
This looks odd because there is one English-language page with no regional modifications that is on a Canadian-targeted domain. There is a US regional English dialect version on a general top-level domain (as .com is general and is not US-specific, but people use it that way).
Remember, this is a bot that's trying to logic out a structure. For a user that prefers UK English, there is no logical choice. The general English is a Canadian site and the general TLD is in US English. This is where we get some of the inconsistencies with international targeting.
You might be saying things like That would never happen! and They should have changed the first English to Canadian English (en-ca)!, but if you've ever dealt with hurried developers (they really do have at least 50 requests at once sometimes) you'll know that they, like search bots, prefer consistency.
Hreflang should not be needed in geo-targeting cases because, if you're really going to target a new country-specific market, you should treat them as a whole new market and create content just for them. If you cant, or dont think its needed, then providing language translations is probably all you need to do at the moment. And hreflang in geo-targeting cases can cause confusion with code that might confuse the search engines. The less we can confuse them, the better the results are!
Hybrid targeting
Finally, there is the route I call "hybrid," or utilizing both geo-targeting and translation. This is what most major retail corporations should be doing if they're international. Due to laws, currency, market changes, and cultural changes, there is a big need for geo-targeted content. But in addition to that, there are countries that require multiple language versions. There might be anywhere from one to a few hundred used languages in a single country! Here are the top countries that use the web and how many recognized languages are used in each.
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
Do you need to translate into all 31 languages used in the US? Probably not. But if 50% of your target market in Canada prefers Canadian French as their primary language, the translation investment might be a good one.
In cases where a geo-targeted site (ccTLD use) or sub-site (subdomain or subfolder) needs more than one language, then there is the need to geo-target the site or sub-site and then use hreflang within that country-specific site.
This statement can be confusing, so let me show you what I mean:
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
This requires a good amount of planning and resources, so if you need to embark on this path in the future, start setting up the structure now. If you need to go the hybrid route, I recommend the following URL structures for language and country targeting. As with before, these are in order of my professional preference and are all focused on content targeted to Canada in Canadian French.
(Country structure/Language structure)
Subfolder/Subfolder
Example: domain.com/ca/fr Subfolder/Parameter
Example: domain.com/ca/page.html?lang=fr ccTLD/Subfolder
Example: domain.ca/fr ccTLD/Parameter
Example: domain.ca/page.html?lang=fr Subdomain/Subfolder
Example: ca.domain.com/fr Subdomain/Parameter
Example: ca.domain.com/page.html?lang=fr ccTLD/Subdomain (not recommended, nor are the other combinations I intentionally left out)
Example: fr.domain.ca
The hybrid option is where the hreflang setup can get the most messed up. Make sure you have mapped everything out before implementing, and ensure you're considering future business plans as well.
I hope this helps clear up some of the confusion around international expansion. It really is specific to each individual business, so take the time to plan and happy expansion!
Troubleshooting International SEO: A flowchart
Click to open a bigger version in a new tab!
https://tracking.feedpress.it/link/9375/2949306
Google Assigns 148 Medical Patents to Verily Life Sciences
Back in September of 2009, I wrote a blog post that I titled Googles 10 Oddest Patents. The first of those that I included in that list was one named Instrument for medical purposes, I included it mostly because Google was a search company, and it felt odd that Google would have a patent on a medical process. That one used ultrasonic sound to investigate the structural makeup of biological tissue in organs and vessels.
Times have changed, and since that time, Google has restructured and put itself under a holding company structure with the name Alphabet running all elements of the company. A branch of the Company had evolved that was being referred to as Google Life Sciences, and it changed names recently as well, to Verily Life Sciences.
What role and what kind of impact might these new subsidiary have? I was wondering if Google would make changes to the patent assignments it had made along with the name changes, and I was surprised to see them do so, where they assigned 148 patents to Verily Life Sciences on two different days. Its an interesting list, and Ive provided it here. They may technically have ownership under other patents as well, but this list points to a number that could possibly become products that the company offers to the public, after any government approval that they may need to pursue.
This recent story highlights the kind of approval that medical devices need to acquire before they are used for medical purposes: Google offshoot Verily reveals connectivity device to aggregate medical data.
Verily may become involved in medical studies, like this one described to be between Vanderbilt and Verily: Vanderbilt, Googles Verily to Launch Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort.
This article provides some possible valuations as to what kinds of money are potentially available to companies providing healthcare products and benefits to people: How Alphabet Is Eyeing The Lucrative Healthcare Industry With Verily.
This article presents healthcare as a potentially very lucrative field for Google to be entering: New Miniature Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices from DexCom and Verily (Google Life Sciences) Promise to Make Glucose Monitoring Wearable and Affordable.
This followup to that story shows that plans are being made to release products over the next few years: Googles Verily, Dexcom aim to launch mini glucose monitor in 2018, with next-gen by 2021.
Ive written about one of these patents in the past, in the post Google Files Patent For Wearable Nanotechnology Anti-Cancer Technology, and that patent is included in the assignment, as is a patent for a Star Trek like Needle free blood draw device that was published this past December.
I decided to publish links to these patent filings, and information about the dates they were filed, and when they were either published (for the pending patent applications) or granted (for the many that have been granted so far). There are many contact lens focused patents in the group, but other ones that have different purposes as well. If any stand out to you as interesting in some way, please share with us, and let us know why.
There seem to be many opportunities available to Google to pursue, and Im excited that so many options are open to them. I also like that now that Im seeing patents that describe medical devices coming from Google, that enough has changed that I no longer think of them as odd, but am instead excited to see how those may be used. These are exciting times, and it appears that Google is off to a good start addressing medical problems.
Contact Lenses
Inventors: Brian Otis, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Jul 10, 2014
Granted Aug 5, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods for facilitating iris-scanning contact lenses and/or biometric identification employing iris scanning contact lenses are provided. In one implementation, the contact lens can include: a transparent substrate formed to cover at least a portion of an iris of an eye; and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more light sensors disposed on or within the transparent substrate and that detects light filtered through the iris and incident on the one or more light sensors; readout circuitry, operably coupled to the one or more light sensors, that outputs information indicative of the light filtered SEO Specialist through the iris and incident on the one or more light sensors; and a power component that supplies power to the readout circuitry. In various implementations, the contact lens can be employed in systems and/or methods associated with authentication and identification.
Contact Lenses With Hybrid Power Sources
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Jul 26, 2012
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods of contact lenses with power sources are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens can include a substrate; and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more sensors disposed on or within the substrate; circuitry disposed on at least a portion of the substrate; one or more photovoltaic cells disposed on at least a portion of the substrate; and a hybrid power component that supplies at least one of two or more different types of power to the circuitry, wherein at least one of the two or more different types of power is radio frequency/inductive power. In various aspects, other types of power can be solar and/or microelectromechanical system power. Additionally, in various aspects, photovoltaic cells can be arrayed in different configurations and/or over a significant portion of a viewing surface of the contact lens. In some aspects, the photovoltaic cells can be transparent.
Contact Lens Employing Optical Signals for Power and/or Communication
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Jul 26, 2012
Granted Oct 13, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lens sensors are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least a portion of the body of the contact lens; an optical communication device disposed on or within the substrate; and a photodetector disposed on or within the substrate, wherein the photodetector harvests light emitted from a device and generates power from the harvested light. In some aspects, an apparatus comprises a tag having a circuit including: an optical communication device; and a photodetector that harvests light received and generates power from the harvested light. The tag can be disposed on or within a contact lens in various aspects.
Actuatable Contact Lenses
Inventors: Harvey Ho
Filed Aug 2, 2012
Granted Dec 30, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods for facilitating actuatable contact lenses are provided. In one aspect, the contact lens can include: a substrate comprised of a material that is actuatable to at least one of change a base curvature from a first curvature to a second curvature or change a thickness from a first thickness to a second thickness; and a control component, operably coupled to the material, that outputs actuation information to cause the material to actuate and at least one of change the base curvature of the material or change the thickness of the material. The contact lens can be actuated based on a condition associated with an environment surrounding the contact lens, a sensed prescription for an eye over which the contact lens is placed or based on a focal point of the eye. The material can include piezoelectric film, a shape memory alloy, hydrogel and/or silicone elastomer.
Contact Lenses Having Two-Electrode Electrochemical Sensors
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Aug 6, 2012
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses with two-electrode electrochemical sensors are provided. In some aspects, the contact lens includes: a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens; and a circuit, disposed on or within the substrate, and including a two-electrode electrochemical sensor. The two-electrode electrochemical sensor can include: a working electrode; and a combination reference-counter electrode. The electrochemical sensor can be an amperometric sensor that senses a biological feature of a wearer of the contact lens. The working electrode can generate a signal indicative of the sensed analyte, and the combination reference-counter electrode can pass the signal generated from the working electrode. The signal can be employed to determine the analyte concentration of a solution in contact with the contact lens.
Contact Lens with Integrated Pulse Oximeter
Inventors: Harvey Ho, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Aug 21, 2012
Granted Mar 3, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens having a pulse oximetry sensor to detect information indicative of a blood oxygen content and/or pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a pulse oximetry sensor located on or within the substrate that detects information associated with at least one of blood oxygen content or a pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens. The pulse oximetry sensor comprises one or more light emitting diodes that illuminate a blood vessel of at least one of a region of an eye or an eyelid and a detector that receives light reflected from the blood vessel and generates the information.
Passive Surface Acostic Wave Communication
Inventors: Harvey Ho, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 5, 2012
Granted Sep 2, 2014
Abstract:
This disclosure relates to systems and/or methods for detection of eye blinking by interrogating a passive surface acoustic wave based contact lens using an interrogation signal and interpreting reflections of the interrogation signal from the passive surface acoustic wave based contact lens.
In-Situ Tear Sample Collection and Testing Using a Contact Lens
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 7, 2012
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses having one or more sensor that sense an analyte in tear fluid and one or more recesses that collect the tear fluid. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a recess formed within the substrate configured to collect tear fluid when the contact lens is worn. The contact lens further includes at least one sensor disposed within the substrate configured to sense presence of an analyte in the collected tear fluid.
Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 17, 2012
Published Jul 24, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses having an electrochemical sensor to detect ethanol concentration of a wearer of the contact lens are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and an electrochemical sensor, disposed on or within the substrate, that detects information related to concentration of alcohol present in blood of a wearer of the contact lens.
Contact Lens that Facilitates Antenna Communication Via Sensor Impedance Modulation
Inventors: Brian Otis, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Sep 24, 2012
Granted Oct 28, 2014
Abstract:
Systems, contact lenses and methods that facilitate antenna communication via sensor impedance modulation are provided. In one aspect, a system can include a contact lens and a radio frequency (RF) reader. The contact lens can include a substrate; an RF antenna, disposed on or within the substrate; and a sensing component, disposed on or within the substrate, and directly coupled to the RF antenna, wherein the RF antenna is configured to change impedance value as a sensed value of the sensing component changes. The RF reader is external to the contact lens, and configured to interrogate the RF antenna with an RF signal. The RF reader can receive a reflected RF signal from the RF antenna in response to the interrogation. The magnitude, phase and/or a frequency of the reflected RF signal can be based on the impedance value of the RF antenna.
Contact Lens That Restricts Incoming Light To The Eye
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Brian Otis
Filed Sep 24, 2012
Granted Feb 24, 2015
Abstract:
This disclosure generally relates to systems and/or methods to restrict light entering an opening of an eye pupil by detecting pupil dilation, detecting incoming light intensity or direction, and adjusting light restricting properties of one or more light restricting regions of the contact lens based upon the detected pupil dilation parameters and incoming light intensity or direction.
Information Processing Method
Inventors: Ehsan Saeedi, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 25, 2012
Published Mar 27, 2014
Abstract:
Systems, apparatus and methods including a contact lens that facilitates collection and/or processing of information associated with sensed features are provided. In one aspect, a system can include a contact lens and an analysis component external to the contact lens. The contact lens can include: a substrate; and a circuit, disposed on or within the substrate. The circuit can include: a plurality of sensors configured to sense respective features associated with a wearer of the contact lens; and a communication component configured to communicate information indicative of sensed features. The analysis component can be configured to: receive the information indicative of the sensed features; and generate statistical information based, at least, on the information indicative of the sensed features.
Facilitation of Temperature Compensation For Contact Lens Sensors and Temperature Sensing
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Sep 25, 2012
Published Mar 17, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lens sensors are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more sensors disposed on or within the substrate, that sense a feature associated with a wearer of the contact lens; and a compensation circuit disposed on or within the substrate, coupled to the sensor(s) and that outputs information to adjust an output of the sensor(s). The compensation circuit can include: a temperature component that senses the temperature of the sensor(s); and a communication component that outputs information indicative of the temperature of the sensor(s), and receives information associated with adjusting the output of the sensor(s). In other aspects, a contact lens includes a circuit that senses the body temperature, or ambient temperature outside of the body, of the contact lens wearer. Sensor fusion and/or calibration can be performed based on the information.
Contact Lens Having a Chip Integrated Into a Polymer Substrate and Method of Manufacture
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 25, 2012
Published Mar 27, 2014
Abstract:
Contact lenses and methods of manufacture are provided. In one aspect, a method includes: positioning components in predefined locations on a first surface; applying pressure on the components employing a second surface; providing molten material between the first surface and the second surface and around the components; embedding the components in a substrate by cooling the molten material and causing the molten material to harden, the substrate being a substantially solid form of molten material; and removing the first surface and the second surface after embedding the components in the substrate. The method can also include: providing, on or within a contact lens, one of the components and the substrate into which the component is embedded. The first surface can include molds sized to receive and maintain the components at the predefined locations. The first surface and/or the second surface can be pre-treated with a non-stick coating such as Polytetrafluoroethylene.
Wearable Device
Inventors: Babak Amirparviz, Harvey Ho
Filed Sep 25, 2012
Granted Mar 24, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens that generates information indicative of a hydration level of an eye in which the lens is worn, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a hydration component that generates information associated with a hydration level of an eye in which the contact lens is worn.
Assembling Thin Silicon Chips on a Contact Lens
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 26, 2012
Granted Feb 24, 2015
Abstract:
A contact lens having a thin silicon chip integrated therein is provided along with methods for assembling the silicon chip within the contact lens. In an aspect, a method includes creating a plurality of lens contact pads on a lens substrate and creating a plurality of chip contact pads on a chip. The method further involves applying assembly bonding material to the each of the plurality of lens contact pads or chip contact pads, aligning the plurality of lens contact pads with the plurality of chip contact pads, bonding the chip to the lens substrate via the assembly bonding material using flip chip bonding, and forming a contact lens with the lens substrate.
Contact Lens Having an Uneven Embedded Substrate and Method of Manufacture
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 26, 2012
Granted Mar 24, 2015
Abstract:
Contact lenses and methods of manufacturing contact lenses are provided. In one aspect, a method includes: forming a substrate having an uneven surface; providing a sensor at a first region of the substrate; providing a chip at a second region of the substrate; and encapsulating the substrate, sensor and chip in a polymer. The method also includes: patterning interconnections from the first region of the substrate to the second region of the substrate; and patterning metal pads proximate to the second region of the substrate. The chip can be provided on a metal pad. The uneven surface can be a sloped surface or one or more sloped channels in the substrate, and the channels can be wide enough to receive interconnections for the chip and to receive the chip. Further, the substrate can be ring-shaped and curved prior to encapsulation.
In-Vitro Contact Lens Testing
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 26, 2012
Granted Sep 2, 2014
Abstract:
Contact lens testing apparatuses and method for testing contact lenses for analytes are presented. In an aspect, a device is provided that includes a housing configured to hold one or more contact lenses, and a testing compartment provided within the housing and comprising a reagent, the reagent configured to facilitate a chemical reaction in response to the existence of a predetermined biomarker disposed on or within a contact lens placed in the testing compartment, wherein the chemical reaction produces a known result related to state information of an individual from which the biomarker was generated.
Facilitation of Tear Sample Collection and Testing Using a Contact Lens
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Zenghe Liu
Filed Sep 26, 2012
Published Mar 27, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lens sensors are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more sensors disposed on or within the substrate, that sense a feature associated with a wearer of the contact lens; and a compensation circuit disposed on or within the substrate, coupled to the sensor(s) and that outputs information to adjust an output of the sensor(s). The compensation circuit can include: a temperature component that senses the temperature of the sensor(s); and a communication component that outputs information indicative of the temperature of the sensor(s), and receives information associated with adjusting the output of the sensor(s). In other aspects, a contact lens includes a circuit that senses the body temperature, or ambient temperature outside of the body, of the contact lens wearer. Sensor fusion and/or calibration can be performed based on the information.
Image Capture Component on Active Lens
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Olivia Hatalsky, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Oct 8, 2012
Published Apr 10, 2014
Abstract:
This disclosure relates to systems and/or methods for capturing image data representing a scene in a gaze of a viewer via a thin image capture component integrated on or within a contact lens, processing the image data, and employing the processed image data to perform functions locally on the contact lens or remotely on one or more remote devices.
In-vitro Calibration Of An Ophthalmic Analyte Sensor
Inventors: Brian Otis, Zenghe Liu
Filed Oct 12, 2012
Published Apr 17, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. A calibration-solution measurement is obtained while the eye-mountable device is exposed to a calibration solution. A calibration value is determined based on at least the calibration-solution measurement and an analyte concentration of the calibration solution. A tear-film measurement is obtained while the eye-mountable device is mounted to an eye so as to be exposed to tear film. The analyte concentration of the tear film is determined based on at least the tear-film measurement and the calibration value.
Contact Lens and Method of Manufacture to Improve Sensor Sensitivity
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, James Etzkorn
Filed Oct 24, 2012
Granted Nov 3, 2015
Abstract:
Contact lenses and methods of manufacture are provided. A contact lens can include: an electronics substrate having components formed thereon and disposed within a contact lens forming (CLF) polymer, wherein a first one of the components is positioned at a first region of the electronics substrate and a second one of the components is positioned at a second region of the electronics substrate, the second region being opposite the first region; and a plurality of CLF polymer layers molded such that the plurality of CLF polymer layers has a first thickness in a region of the electronics substrate associated with the first one of the components and has a second thickness in a region of the electronics substrate associated with the second one of the components.
Encapsulated Electronics
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Jan 15, 2013
Granted Oct 28, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode and a reference electrode that reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. An example assembly process includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material on the sacrificial layer; providing an electronics module on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material to cover the electronics module; and annealing the first and second layers of the bio-compatible material together to form an encapsulated structure having the electronics module fully encapsulated by the bio-compatible material.
Method of Ring-Shaped Structure Placement in an Eye-Mountable Device
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, Harvey Ho
Filed Jan 17, 2013
Published Jul 17, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor applies a stabilization voltage between a working electrode and a reference electrode to allow the amperometric current to stabilize before powering measurement electronics configured to measure the amperometric current and communicate the measured amperometric current. The electrochemical sensor consumes less power while applying the stabilization voltage than during the measurement. The measurement is initiated in response to receiving a measurement signal at an antenna in the eye-mountable device.
Standby Biasing Of Electrochemical Sensor To Reduce Sensor Stabilization Time During Measurement
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Jan 25, 2013
Published Jul 31, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor applies a stabilization voltage between a working electrode and a reference electrode to allow the amperometric current to stabilize before powering measurement electronics configured to measure the amperometric current and communicate the measured amperometric current. The electrochemical sensor consumes less power while applying the stabilization voltage than during the measurement. The measurement is initiated in response to receiving a measurement signal at an antenna in the eye-mountable device.
Systems and Methods for Encapsulating Electronics in a Mountable Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Mar 26, 2013
Granted Oct 20, 2015
Abstract:
A mountable device includes a bio-compatible structure embedded in a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface. The bio-compatible structure has a first side defined by a first layer of bio-compatible material, a second side defined by a second layer of bio-compatible material, an electronic component, and a conductive pattern that defines sensor electrodes. A portion of the second layer of bio-compatible material is removed by etching to create at least one opening in the second side in which the sensor electrodes are exposed. The etching further removes a portion of the first layer of bio-compatible material so as to create at least one opening in the first side that is connected to the at least opening in the second side. With this arrangement of openings, analytes can reach the sensor electrodes from either the first side or the second side of the bio-compatible structure.
Systems and Methods for Encapsulating Electronics in a Mountable Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Mar 27, 2013
Granted Aug 25, 2015
Abstract:
A mountable device includes a bio-compatible structure embedded in a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface. The bio-compatible structure includes an electronic component having electrical contacts, sensor electrodes, and electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the electrical contacts. The bio-compatible structure is fabricated such that it is fully encapsulated by a bio-compatible material, except for the sensor electrodes. In the fabrication, the electronic component is positioned on a first layer of bio-compatible material and a second layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the first layer of bio-compatible material and the electronic component. The electrical contacts are exposed by removing a portion of the second layer, a conductive pattern is formed to define the sensor electrodes and electrical interconnects, and a third layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the conductive pattern. The sensor electrodes are exposed by removing a portion of the third layer.
Utilizing Oscillator Frequency Divider Settings As A Temperature Sensor In Radio Frequency Applications
Inventors: Brian Patrick Otis, Nathan Pletcher, Daniel Yeager
Filed May 24, 2013
Granted May 5, 2015
Abstract:
Methods and systems for utilizing oscillator frequency divider settings as a temperature sensor are described herein. An example method may involve a reader device transmitting an RF signal to a tag device that includes an electronic oscillator configured to generate an oscillator signal with an oscillator frequency and a frequency adjuster configured to adjust the oscillator frequency with a frequency adjustment factor to provide a resulting frequency, the oscillator frequency being dependent on a temperature of the tag device and the resulting frequency being based on a reference frequency provided by the RF signal. The method may also involve the reader device receiving data from the tag device, the data being indicative of the oscillator frequency. The method may further involve the reader device determining an estimate of the temperature of the tag device based on at least the received data and a predetermined relationship between temperature and oscillator frequency.
Body-Mountable Devices and Methods for Embedding a Structure in a Body-Mountable Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Stephen ODriscoll
Filed Jun 14, 2013
Published Dec 18, 2014
Abstract:
Body-mountable devices and methods for embedding a structure in a body-mountable device are described. A body-mountable device includes a transparent polymer and a structure embedded in the transparent polymer. The transparent polymer defines a posterior side and an anterior side of the body-mountable device. The structure has an outer diameter and an inner diameter and includes a sensor configured to detect an analyte and an antenna. The antenna includes a plurality of conductive loops spaced apart from each other between the outer diameter and the inner diameter.
Physiological Measurement Using Wearable Device
Inventors: Andrew Conrad, Eric Peeters
Filed Jun 21, 2013
Published Dec 25, 2014
Abstract:
A wearable device includes a detector configured to detect a response signal transmitted from a portion of subsurface vasculature, the response signal being related to binding of a clinically-relevant analyte to functionalized particles present in a lumen of the subsurface vasculature. Program instructions stored in a computer readable medium of the device, and executable by a processor, may cause the device to determine a concentration of the clinically-relevant analyte based on the response signal detected by the detector; determine whether a medical condition is indicated based on at least the concentration of the clinically-relevant analyte; and, in response to a determination that the medical condition is indicated, transmit data representative of the medical condition via the communication interface. The device may also include a signal source configured to transmit an interrogating signal into the portion of subsurface vasculature, thereby generating a response signal in response to the interrogating signal.
Test Platform for Wrist-Mounted Physiologic Measurement Device
Inventors: Andrew Conrad, Eric Peeters
Filed Jun 21, 2013
Published Dec 25, 2014
Abstract:
A test model has an outer polymer layer that models an exterior surface of a human arm and includes at least a wrist portion, an inner polymer core that is at least partially surrounded by the outer polymer layer and extends into the wrist portion, and polymer tubing adjacent to the inner polymer core. The polymer tubing is at least partially surrounded by the outer polymer layer and extends into the wrist portion. The polymer tubing has a first fluid inlet and a first fluid outlet. The test model is substantially free of metallic and magnetic materials.
Physiological Measurement Using Wearable Device
Inventors: Andrew Conrad, Eric Peeters
Filed Jun 21, 2013
Published 20140378777
Dec 25, 2014
Abstract:
A method for real-time, high-density physiological data collection includes automatically measuring, by a wearable device, one or more physiological parameters during each of a plurality of measurement periods, and upon conclusion of a measurement period, for each of the plurality of measurement periods, automatically transmitting by the wearable device data representative of the physiological parameters measured during that measurement period, to a server, the server configured to develop a baseline profile based on the data transmitted by the wearable device for the plurality of measurement periods. The measurement periods may extend through a plurality of consecutive days, and each of the consecutive days may include multiple measurement periods. At least some of the physiological parameters are measured by non-invasively detecting one or more analytes in blood circulating in subsurface vasculature proximate to the wearable device.
Container
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, Daniel Barrows
Filed Jun 24, 2013
Granted Jun 2, 2015
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides an apparatus including a first chamber containing an eye-mountable device. The apparatus may also include a second chamber containing an aqueous solution. The apparatus may also include a membrane positioned between the first chamber and the second chamber. The membrane may be configured to rupture based on application of a force to the apparatus. The ruptured membrane may allow the aqueous solution to engage with the eye-mountable device. The apparatus may also include a lid to seal one or more of the first chamber and the second chamber.
Device Identification
Inventors: Daniel Yeager, Brian Otis, Andrew Nelson
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes a controller embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The controller is electrically connected to an antenna included in the eye-mountable device. The controller is configured to: (i) receive an indication of an interrogation signal via the antenna, (ii) responsive to the interrogation signal, output a substantially unique identification sequence; and (iii) use the antenna to communicate the substantially unique identification sequence. The substantially unique identification sequence can then be used by external readers to associate the eye-mountable device with device-specific information without storing such information on the eye-mountable device.
Methods for Adhering a Substrate to a Polymer Layer
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Jeffrey George Linhardt
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides a method including forming a polymer layer defining a side of an eye-mountable device. The method may also include providing an adhesive in a ring-shaped pattern on a ring-shaped substrate or on the first polymer layer. The method may also include providing the ring-shaped substrate on the first polymer layer in a predetermined rotational orientation. The method may also include applying a force to one or more of the ring-shaped substrate and the polymer layer to adhere the first polymer layer to the ring-shaped substrate. The method may also include curing the ring-shaped substrate and the first polymer layer.
Chemically Reactive Enzyme Immobilization
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Jeffrey George Linhardt
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor for the continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. The analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer sensing layer in contact with a surface of an electrode, where the sensing layer includes methacrylate-derived backbone chains having covalent bonds to an analyte sensing component. The method includes combining the precursor components of the sensing layer, depositing the combined mixture on a surface of an electrode, and curing the deposited mixture.
Porous Polymeric Formulation Prepared Using Monomer
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Jeffrey George Linhardt
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor for the continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode, and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer has methacrylate-derived backbone chains of first methacrylate-derived units, second methacrylate-derived units and third methacrylate-derived units. The first and second methacrylate-derived units have side chains that can be the same or different, and the third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains are connected by hydrophilic crosslinks.
Porous Polymeric Formulation Prepared Using Porogens
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, Zenghe Liu, Huanfen Yao
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor for the continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. The analyte sensor includes a crosslinked copolymer network in contact with a surface of an electrode. The copolymer network has voids formed by the removal of a porogen, and an analyte sensing component is immobilized within the network. The method involves forming a solution of the precursors of the copolymer, depositing the mixture on a surface of an electrode, and curing the deposited mixture to provide the analyte sensor.
Enzyme Immobilization by Crosslinking
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor for the continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes an electrode, a sensing layer in contact with a surface of the electrode, and a protective membrane. The sensing layer is a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer including poly(alkylene oxide) and poly(vinyl pyridine), and an analyte sensing component is immobilized within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The protective membrane is a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer including alkylene oxide, vinyl pyridine and styrene units. The method involves the formation of a sensing layer on a surface of an electrode, followed by the formation of a protective membrane on a surface of the sensing layer.
Methods for Forming a Channel Through a Polymer Layer Using One or More Photoresist Layers
Inventors: Huanfen Yao, Babak Parviz, Jeffrey George Linhardt
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Granted May 12, 2015
Abstract:
A method may involve forming one or more photoresist layers over a sensor located on a structure, such that the sensor is covered by the one or more photoresist layers. The sensor is configured to detect an analyte. The method may involve forming a first polymer layer. Further, the method may involve positioning the structure on the first polymer layer. Still further, the method may involve forming a second polymer layer over the first polymer layer and the structure, such that the structure is fully enclosed by the first polymer layer, the second polymer layer, and the one or more photoresist layers. The method may also involve removing the one or more photoresist layers to form a channel through the second polymer layer, wherein the sensor is configured to receive the analyte via the channel.
Devices and Methods for a Contact lens with an Outward Facing Light Source
Inventors: Brian Otis, Robert Francis Wiser, Andrew Nelson
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Granted Sep 16, 2014
Abstract:
A body-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a mounting surface and a surface opposite the mounting surface. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the surface opposite the mounting surface. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to receive modulation instructions and modulate the light emitted by the light source based on the modulation instructions.
Devices and Methods for a Contact lens with an Inward Facing Light SourceE
Inventors: Brian Otis, William James Biederman
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a concave surface and a convex surface, with the concave surface configured to removably mount the eye-mountable device on a corneal surface overlaying a pupil. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the concave surface and towards the corneal surface such that the emitted light is viewable through the pupil. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to modulate the light emitted by the light source to provide modulated light.
Reader Communication with Contact Lens Sensors and Display Device
Inventors: Frank Honor, Andrew Nelson, Brian Otis
Filed Jun 28, 2013
Granted Dec 30, 2014
Abstract:
A reader for communicating with both an eye-mountable device and a display device is provided. The reader can transmit radio frequency power to a tag that is part of the eye-mountable device. The reader can communicates with the tag using a first protocol. Communicating with the tag can include having the reader request data from the tag and receive the requested data from the tag. The reader can process the received data. The reader can store the processed data. The reader can communicates with the display device using a second protocol, where the first and second protocols can differ. Communicating with the display device can include having the reader transmit the stored data to the display device. The display device can receive the transmitted data, process the transmitted data, and generate one or more displays including the transmitted http://searchengineland.com/guide/what-is-seo and/or processed data.
Using Unique Identifiers to Retrieve Configuration Data for Tag Devices
Inventors: Alice Lin, Andrew Nelson, Daniel Yeager, Brian Otis
Filed Aug 22, 2013
Granted Feb 2, 2016
Abstract:
Methods and systems for using unique identifiers to retrieve configuration data for tag devices are described herein. An example method may involve obtaining a unique identifier associated with a tag device. The tag device may include an antenna and a sensor configured to obtain sensor readings that can be wirelessly transmitted to a reader device via the antenna. The method may also involve determining configuration parameters associated with the tag device based on the unique identifier. The method may further involve storing, in at least one memory, at least a portion of the configuration parameters in association with the unique identifier.
Sacrificial Layers for Bio-Compatible Devices
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Harvey Ho, Huanfen Yao
Filed Aug 27, 2013
Published Mar 5, 2015
Abstract:
A method may involve: forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first bio-compatible layer on the sacrificial layer such that the first bio-compatible layer adheres to the sacrificial layer; forming a conductive pattern on the first bio-compatible layer; mounting an electronic component to the conductive pattern; forming a second bio-compatible layer over the first bio-compatible layer, the electronic component, and the conductive pattern; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the bio-compatible device from the working substrate. The first bio-compatible layer defines a first side of a bio-compatible device. The second bio-compatible layer defines a second side of the bio-compatible device.
Nanoparticle Phoresis
Inventors: Andrew Jason Conrad
Filed Sep 5, 2013
Published Mar 5, 2015
Abstract:
Functionalized particles in the blood are able to selectively bind to targets in the blood that have adverse health effects. The binding of the particles to the targets allows the targets to be selectively modified or destroyed by energy from outside the body such that the adverse health effects are reduced or eliminated. The energy is generated by a wearable device which is able to direct the energy into the subsurface vasculature of the wearer of the wearable device. Further, one or more of the functionalized particles may be magnetic, allowing a magnetic field generated by the wearable device and directed into the subsurface vasculature to concentrate the bound targets in a lumen of the subsurface vasculature proximate to the wearable device.
Delivery of Functionalized Particles
Inventors: Andrew Jason Conrad
Filed Sep 5, 2013
Published Mar 5, 2015
Abstract:
A device includes a capsule sized to pass through a lumen of a gastrointestinal tract, a plurality of functionalized particles disposed within the capsule, one or more tissue penetrating members configured to puncture a wall of the lumen of the intestinal tract; and an actuator having a first configuration and a second configuration. The actuator is configured to retain the plurality of functionalized particles within the capsule in the first configuration. The actuator is further configured to advance the plurality of functionalized particles from the capsule into a wall of the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract via the one or more tissue penetrating members by the actuator transitioning from the first configuration to the second configuration. Systems including the device and methods of delivering functionalized particles to the body are also provided.
Assembling Thin Silicon Chips on a Contact Lens
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 12, 2013
Granted Jun 9, 2015
Abstract:
A contact lens having a thin silicon chip integrated therein is provided along with methods for assembling the silicon chip within the contact lens. In an aspect, a method includes creating a plurality of lens contact pads on a lens substrate and creating a plurality of chip contact pads on a chip. The method further involves applying assembly bonding material to the each of the plurality of lens contact pads or chip contact pads, aligning the plurality of lens contact pads with the plurality of chip contact pads, bonding the chip to the lens substrate via the assembly bonding material using flip chip bonding, and forming a contact lens with the lens substrate.
Devices and Methods for a Contact lens with an Outward Facing Light Source
Inventors: Brian Otis, Robert Francis Wiser, Andrew Nelson
Filed Sep 16, 2013
Granted Sep 9, 2014
Abstract:
A body-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a mounting surface and a surface opposite the mounting surface. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the surface opposite the mounting surface. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to receive modulation instructions and modulate the light emitted by the light source based on the modulation instructions.
Devices and Methods for a Contact lens with an Inward Facing Light Source
Inventors: Brian Otis, William James Biederman
Filed Sep 16, 2013
Granted Jul 1, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a concave surface and a convex surface, with the concave surface configured to removably mount the eye-mountable device on a corneal surface overlaying a pupil. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the concave surface and towards the corneal surface such that the emitted light is viewable through the pupil. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to modulate the light emitted by the light source to provide modulated light.
Reader Communication With Contact Lens Sensors and Display Device
Inventors: Brian Otis, Frank Honor, Andrew Nelson
Filed Sep 16, 2013
Granted Sep 8, 2015
Abstract:
A reader for communicating with both an eye-mountable device and a display device is provided. The reader can transmit radio frequency power to a tag that is part of the eye-mountable device. The reader can communicates with the tag using a first protocol. Communicating with the tag can include having the reader request data from the tag and receive the requested data from the tag. The reader can process the received data. The reader can store the processed data. The reader can communicates with the display device using a second protocol, where the first and second protocols can differ. Communicating with the display device can include having the reader transmit the stored data to the display device. The display device can receive the transmitted data, process the transmitted data, and generate one or more displays including the transmitted and/or processed data.
Device With Dual Power Sources
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Daniel Yeager, William James Biederman, Andrew Nelson
Filed Sep 16, 2013
Granted Jun 3, 2014
Abstract:
A wearable device includes a sensor, auxiliary electronics, a primary power supply configured to harvest radio frequency (RF) radiation received from an external reader and use the harvested RF radiation to power the sensor, and an auxiliary power supply configured to harvest energy other than that received from the external reader and use the harvested energy to supply power to the sensor and/or the auxiliary electronics. The external reader may supply less power in response to operation of the auxiliary power supply. Additionally or alternatively, in response to a determination that the auxiliary power supply is unable to supply power, the wearable device may disable all auxiliary electronics but for the sensor. In response to a determination that the primary power supply is unable to supply power but the auxiliary power supply is able to supply power, the wearable device may retain operating parameters in the memory storage unit using the auxiliary power supply.
Contact Lenses Having Two-Electrode Electrochemical Sensors
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Sep 17, 2013
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses with two-electrode electrochemical sensors are provided. In some aspects, the contact lens includes: a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens; and a circuit, disposed on or within the substrate, and including a two-electrode electrochemical sensor. The two-electrode electrochemical sensor can include: a working electrode; and a combination reference-counter electrode. The electrochemical sensor can be an amperometric sensor that senses a biological feature of a wearer of the contact lens. The working electrode can generate a signal indicative of the sensed analyte, and the combination reference-counter electrode can pass the signal generated from the working electrode. The signal can be employed to determine the analyte concentration of a solution in contact with the contact lens.
Contact Lens with Integrated Pulse Oximeter
Inventors: Harvey Ho, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 17, 2013
Granted Dec 9, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing a contact lens having a pulse oximetry sensor to detect information indicative of a blood oxygen content and/or pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens, are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a pulse oximetry sensor located on or within the substrate that detects information associated with at least one of blood oxygen content or a pulse rate of a wearer of the contact lens. The pulse oximetry sensor comprises one or more light emitting diodes that illuminate a blood vessel of at least one of a region of an eye or an eyelid and a detector that receives light reflected from the blood vessel and generates the information.
In-vitro Calibration Of An Ophthalmic Analyte Sensor
Inventors: Brian Otis, Zenghe Liu
Filed Sep 19, 2013
Published Apr 17, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. A calibration-solution measurement is obtained while the eye-mountable device is exposed to a calibration solution. A calibration value is determined based on at least the calibration-solution measurement and an analyte concentration of the calibration solution. A tear-film measurement is obtained while the eye-mountable device is mounted to an eye so as to be exposed to tear film. The analyte concentration of the tear film is determined based on at least the tear-film measurement and the calibration value.
Encapulated Electronics
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 19, 2013
Granted Nov 11, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode and a reference electrode that reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. An example assembly process includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material on the sacrificial layer; providing an electronics module on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material to cover the electronics module; and annealing the first and second layers of the bio-compatible material together to form an encapsulated structure having the electronics module fully encapsulated by the bio-compatible material.
Standby Biasing Of Electrochemical Sensor To Reduce Sensor Stabilization Time During Measurement
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Sep 20, 2013
Granted Jan 6, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor applies a stabilization voltage between a working electrode and a reference electrode to allow the amperometric current to stabilize before powering measurement electronics configured to measure the amperometric current and communicate the measured amperometric current. The electrochemical sensor consumes less power while applying the stabilization voltage than during the measurement. The measurement is initiated in response to receiving a measurement signal at an antenna in the eye-mountable device.
Systems and Methods for Encapsulating Electronics in a Mountable Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 20, 2013
Granted Feb 10, 2015
Abstract:
A mountable device includes a bio-compatible structure embedded in a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface. The bio-compatible structure includes an electronic component having electrical contacts, sensor electrodes, and electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the electrical contacts. The bio-compatible structure is fabricated such that it is fully encapsulated by a bio-compatible material, except for the sensor electrodes. In the fabrication, the electronic component is positioned on a first layer of bio-compatible material and a second layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the first layer of bio-compatible material and the electronic component. The electrical contacts are exposed by removing a portion of the second layer, a conductive pattern is formed to define the sensor electrodes and electrical interconnects, and a third layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the conductive pattern. The sensor electrodes are exposed by removing a portion of the third layer.
Systems and Methods for Encapsulating Electronics in a Mountable Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 23, 2013
Granted Apr 21, 2015
Abstract:
A mountable device includes a bio-compatible structure embedded in a polymer that defines at least one mounting surface. The bio-compatible structure includes an electronic component having electrical contacts, sensor electrodes, and electrical interconnects between the sensor electrodes and the electrical contacts. The bio-compatible structure is fabricated such that it is fully encapsulated by a bio-compatible material, except for the sensor electrodes. In the fabrication, the electronic component is positioned on a first layer of bio-compatible material and a second layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the first layer of bio-compatible material and the electronic component. The electrical contacts are exposed by removing a portion of the second layer, a conductive pattern is formed to define the sensor electrodes and electrical interconnects, and a third layer of bio-compatible material is formed over the conductive pattern. The sensor electrodes are exposed by removing a portion of the third layer.
Device Having Embedded Antenna
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Stephen ODriscoll
Filed Sep 24, 2013
Published Dec 18, 2014
Abstract:
Body-mountable devices and methods for embedding a structure in a body-mountable device are described. A body-mountable device includes a transparent polymer and a structure embedded in the transparent polymer. The transparent polymer defines a posterior side and an anterior side of the body-mountable device. The structure has an outer diameter and an inner diameter and includes a sensor configured to detect an analyte and an antenna. The antenna includes a plurality of conductive loops spaced apart from each other between the outer diameter and the inner diameter.
Information Processing Method
Inventors: Ehsan Saeedi, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Sep 24, 2013
Published Mar 27, 2014
Abstract:
Systems, apparatus and methods including a contact lens that facilitates collection and/or processing of information associated with sensed features are provided. In one aspect, a system can include a contact lens and an analysis component external to the contact lens. The contact lens can include: a substrate; and a circuit, disposed on or within the substrate. The circuit can include: a plurality of sensors configured to sense respective features associated with a wearer of the contact lens; and a communication component configured to communicate information indicative of sensed features. The analysis component can be configured to: receive the information indicative of the sensed features; and generate statistical information based, at least, on the information indicative of the sensed features.
Container
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, Daniel Barrows
Filed Sep 24, 2013
Granted Nov 11, 2014
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides an apparatus including a first chamber containing an eye-mountable device. The apparatus may also include a second chamber containing an aqueous solution. The apparatus may also include a membrane positioned between the first chamber and the second chamber. The membrane may be configured to rupture based on application of a force to the apparatus. The ruptured membrane may allow the aqueous solution to engage with the eye-mountable device. The apparatus may also include a lid to seal one or more of the first chamber and the second chamber.
Method And System For Measuring Pyruvate
Inventors: Huanfen Yao, Zenghe Liu
Filed Oct 17, 2013
Granted Aug 4, 2015
Abstract:
A body-mountable pyruvate sensing device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent localized near the working electrode that selectively reacts with pyruvate. Application of a voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode causes a current related to a concentration of pyruvate in a fluid to which the electrochemical sensor is exposed; the current is measured by the body-mountable device and wirelessly communicated.
Method And System For Measuring Urea
Inventors: Huanfen Yao, Zenghe Liu
Filed Oct 17, 2013
Published Apr 23, 2015
Abstract:
A body-mountable urea sensing device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent localized near the working electrode that selectively reacts with urea. A potentiometric voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode is related to a concentration of urea in a fluid to which the electrochemical sensor is exposed; the voltage is measured by the body-mountable device and wirelessly communicated.
Modulation of a Response Signal to Distinguish Between Analyte and Background Signals
Inventors: Jason Thompson, Andrew Conrad, Eric Peeters, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Mark Askew
Filed Oct 23, 2013
Published Apr 23, 2015
Abstract:
A method for modulating a response signal includes introducing functionalized particles into a lumen of subsurface vasculature, wherein the functionalized particles are configured to interact with one or more target analytes present in blood circulating in the subsurface vasculature; and non-invasively detecting the one or more target analytes. A response signal, which may include a background signal and an analyte response signal related to interaction of the functionalized particles with the one or more target analytes, is transmitted from the subsurface vasculature. A modulation configured to alter the response signal such that the analyte response signal is affected differently than the background signal may be applied to a portion of subsurface vasculature. Analyte detection may be achieved by differentiating the analyte response signal from the background.
Non-Invasive Analyte Detection System with Modulation Source
Inventors: Andrew Conrad, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Eric Peeters, Jason Thompson, Mark Askew
Filed Oct 23, 2013
Published Apr 23, 2015
Abstract:
A system for modulating a response signal includes functionalized particles configured to interact with target analytes, a detector configured to detect an analyte response signal transmitted from the body, a modulation source configured to modulate the analyte response signal, and a processor configured to non-invasively detect the one or more target analytes by differentiating the analyte response signal from a background signal, at least in part, based on the modulation. The analyte response signal is related to the interaction of the target analytes with the functionalized particles. In some examples, the system may also include magnetic particles and a magnetic field source sufficient to distribute the magnetic particles into a spatial arrangement in the body. The analyte response signal may be differentiated from the background signal, at least in part, based on modulation of the signals due, at least in part, to the spatial arrangement of the magnetic particles.
Spatial Modulation of Magnetic Particles in Vasculature by External Magnetic Field
Inventors: Eric Peeters, Jason Thompson, Andrew Conrad, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Mark Askew
Filed Oct 23, 2013
Published Apr 23, 2015
Abstract:
A method for modulating a response signal includes introducing functionalized magnetic particles configured to interact with target analytes into the body, applying a magnetic field sufficient to draw the functionalized magnetic particles towards a surface of the lumen of subsurface vasculature closest to an internally or externally applied mask having a spatial arrangement, and detecting a response signal, which includes a background signal and an analyte response signal, transmitted from the subsurface vasculature. The analyte response signal related to interaction of the functionalized magnetic particles with the target analytes and is modulated with respect to the background signal due, at least in part, to the spatial arrangement of the mask. The target analytes may be non-invasively detected by differentiating the analyte response signal from the background signal due, at least in part, to the modulation of the analyte response signal.
Closed Loop Control System based on a Non-Invasive Continuous Sensor
Inventors: Huanfen Yao
Filed Nov 22, 2013
Published May 28, 2015
Abstract:
Methods and systems for controlling analyte levels are described. An example method may include receiving a sensor measurement relating to an eye-mountable device. The method also may include determining an analyte concentration based on the one or more sensor measurements, and comparing the analyte concentration to a target analyte concentration. Based on the comparing, the method further may include providing instructions to a drug delivery device, where the instructions are configured to control a drug delivery rate by the drug delivery device.
Method and System for Measuring Retinal
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Douglas Weibel
Filed Nov 26, 2013
Granted Aug 11, 2015
Abstract:
A body-mountable retinal sensing device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a body surface, such as a cornea. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent localized near the working electrode that selectively reacts with retinal. Application of a voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode causes a current related to a concentration of retinal in a fluid to which the electrochemical sensor is exposed. The current is measured by the body-mountable device and wirelessly communicated.
Adjustment of Sensor Sensitivity by Controlling Copolymer Film Thickness Through a Controlled Drying Step
Inventors: Huanfen Yao, Zenghe Liu
Filed Nov 27, 2013
Published May 28, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode, and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The method of making the analyte sensor includes depositing a precursor mixture containing monomers and an analyte sensing component onto an electrode, exposing the deposited precursor mixture to a controlled environment for a specified period of time, and photopolymerizing the deposited exposed precursor mixture into a copolymer layer in contact with a surface of the electrode. Exposing the deposited precursor mixture to a controlled environment can increase the sensitivity of the sensor by reducing the thickness of the copolymer layer and/or by causing the analyte sensitive component within the copolymer layer to have a non-uniform concentration within the layer.
Formulation and Storage Method to Enhance the Enzyme and Sensor Stabilities
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Huanfen Yao
Filed Dec 6, 2013
Published Jun 11, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor and method of making are provided. The analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode; and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer, where the analyte sensing component is surrounded by a buffer having a predetermined buffering component and pH value and where the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer includes: backbone chains having first methacrylate-derived units, each having a first hydrophilic side chain; second methacrylate-derived units, each having a second hydrophilic side chain, where the first and second side chains are the same or different; third methacrylate-derived units; and hydrophilic crosslinks between third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains. The analyte sensor may be maintained at a humidity level of less than 25% to maintain its performance during storage.
Sensor Membrane with Low Temperature Coefficient
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Dec 6, 2013
Published Jun 11, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor for measuring physiological parameters, a method for making the analyte sensor, and method of measuring a level of an analyte in a subject are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode, and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer has methacrylate-derived backbone chains of first methacrylate-derived units, second methacrylate-derived units and third methacrylate-derived units. The first and second methacrylate-derived units have side chains that can be the same or different, and the third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains are connected by hydrophilic crosslinks. The crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer has an analyte permeability that is substantially temperature independent. The analyte sensor generates signals that are substantially temperature independent over a range of temperatures.
Method of Location Coordination Via Wireless Protocol Between Multiple Devices
Inventors: Sarel Kobus Jooste
Filed Dec 16, 2013
Published Jun 18, 2015
Abstract:
Systems and methods for location coordination between multiple devices are provided. In one example, a method includes receiving by a wearable device, a location signal from a positioning device having location-determining capabilities indicative of the location of the positioning device and calculating a first location of the wearable device based, at least in part, on the location of the positioning device and the strength of the location signal received by the wearable device. The wearable device may include at least one sensor configured to measure at least one physiological parameter.
Contact Lens for Measuring Intraocular Pressure
Inventors: Douglas Weibel, Babak Parviz
Filed Dec 16, 2013
Published Jun 18, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device for measuring an intraocular pressure is provided. The device may include a transparent polymeric material having a concave surface configured to be removably mounted over a corneal surface of an eye, an antenna, an expandable member, a sensor and control electronics at least partially embedded in the transparent polymeric material. The expandable device is configured to expand and apply a force to the corneal surface and the sensor is configured to detect a resistance to deformation of the cornea in response to the applied force. The resistance to deformation of the cornea in response to the force applied by the expandable member is indicative of the intraocular pressure of the eye.
Noble Metal Surface Treatment Surface Treatment to Improve Admesion in Bio-Compatible Devices
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Jeffrey G. Linhardt
Filed Dec 17, 2013
Granted Jun 2, 2015
Abstract:
A method involving forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first bio-compatible layer on the sacrificial layer such that the first bio-compatible layer adheres to the sacrificial layer, wherein the first bio-compatible layer defines a first side of a bio-compatible device; forming a conductive pattern on the first bio-compatible layer, the conductive pattern comprising a metal; mounting an electronic component to the conductive pattern; forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the conductive pattern by contacting the conductive pattern with a functionalized sulfur compound or a functionalized selenium compound; forming an adhesion layer on the SAM by contacting the SAM with an adhesion promoter; forming a second bio-compatible layer over the first bio-compatible layer, the electronic component, and the conductive pattern having the adhesion layer, wherein the second bio-compatible layer defines a second side of the bio-compatible device; and removing the sacrificial layer to release the bio-compatible device from the working substrate. The first bio-compatible layer defines a first side of a bio-compatible device. The second bio-compatible layer defines a second side of the bio-compatible device.
Packaging for an Active Contact Lens
Inventors: Daniel Patrick Barrows, Jeffrey George Linhardt
Filed Dec 19, 2013
Published Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device, having an anterior convex side and a posterior concave side, is packaged in a container having a base and a wall. The wall extends from the base and defines an opening of the container. Disposed within the container is a pedestal, which has a first end attached to the base of the container and a second end opposite the first end. The eye-mountable device is mounted on the pedestal such that the posterior concave side contacts the second end of the pedestal and the eye-mountable device is elevated from the base of the container. The opening of the container can be sealed by a lidstock.
Tear Fluid Conductivity Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Huanfen Yao
Filed Dec 20, 2013
Published Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a fluid conductivity sensor that can be used to obtain in-vivo measurements of conductivity of biological fluid samples, for example, to determine osmolarity. The conductivity sensor can be disposed on a substrate that is at least partially embedded within a polymeric material of a body-mountable device. The conductivity sensor can include a frame having a trench formed therein that defines a fluid sample cell. First and second electrodes can be formed on sidewalls of the trench, such that the first and second electrodes are on opposite sides of the fluid sample cell. A controller in the body-mountable device can operate the sensor by applying a voltage to the electrodes and measuring a current through a fluid occupying the fluid sample cell. The body-mountable device may indicate the current measurements wirelessly using an antenna.
Two-layer Analyte Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Huanfen Yao
Filed Dec 23, 2013
Published Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
An analyte sensor and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a sensing membrane having a crosslinked network with an embedded analyte sensing component. In another aspect, the analyte sensor includes a protective membrane adjacent to the surface of the sensing membrane. The protective membrane can be a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer having methacrylate-derived backbone chains of first methacrylate-derived units, second methacrylate-derived units and third methacrylate-derived units. The first and second methacrylate-derived units have hydrophilic side chains, and the third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains are connected by hydrophilic crosslinks. A method for making the analyte sensor is also disclosed.
Analyte Sensors with Ethylene Oxide Immunity
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Dec 23, 2013
Published Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
Analyte sensors capable of undergoing sterilization with ethylene oxide are provided. The analyte sensors can include one or more polymer membranes having a nucleophilic group.
Sensor Electrodes in a Bio-compatible Device
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Zenghe Liu, Harvey Ho
Filed Dec 23, 2013
Published Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
A method may involve providing a conductive pattern on a bio-compatible layer. The conductive pattern may include a first conductive layer that comprises a first metal and a second conductive layer that comprises a second metal. The second conductive layer may be over the first conductive layer, and the first metal may be more malleable than the second metal. The method may also include mounting an electrical component to the conductive pattern to provide an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensor may be configured for use in a body-mountable device.
Molded Electronic Structures in Body-Mountable Devices
Inventors: Daniel Patrick Barrows, Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn, Jeffrey George Linherdt
Filed Dec 23, 2013
Published 20150173602
Jun 25, 2015
Abstract:
Molded electronic structures configured for use in body-mountable devices and methods for embedding molded electronic structures in a body-mountable device are described. An example method may include molding an electronic structure to have first curvature corresponding to a first radius of curvature. The electronic structure may include an antenna, a sensor, and an electronic device. The example method may also include adhering the molded electronic structure to a first polymer layer. The example method may additionally include forming a second polymer layer over the molded electronic structure adhered to the first polymer layer.
Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter
Inventors: Alireza Dastgheib, Brian Otis
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Granted May 12, 2015
Abstract:
A potentiostat includes a voltage regulator, a current mirror, a capacitor, a comparator, a current source, and a counter. The voltage regulator maintains a voltage on a working electrode of an electrochemical sensor. The current mirror develops a mirror current that mirrors an input current from the working electrode. The capacitor is alternately charged by the mirror current, causing the capacitor voltage to increase at a rate related to the currents magnitude, and discharged by a control current, causing the capacitor voltage to decrease. The comparator outputs a waveform that includes upward and downward transitions based on the variations of the capacitor voltage. The current source produces the control current based on the waveform. The counter counts the number of upward or downward transitions in the waveform during a predetermined sampling period to produce a digital output. The digital output is representative of the magnitude of the input current.
Hands-Free Interface
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Francis Honore, Andrew Nelson
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
A wearable device and external reader is provided for herein. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the wearable device or the reader is configured to receive a level of radiant energy, detect a change in the received level of radiant energy, determine that the detected change in the received level of radiant energy is indicative of a predetermined pattern of received radiant energy, and responsively operate (or cause to be operated via the external reader) one or more external devices.
Conditional Retrieval
Inventors: Brian Otis, William Biederman, Daniel James Yeager
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published 20150186701
Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method involves: a reader detecting an eye-mountable device within a wireless communication range of the reader, wherein the eye-mountable device includes a transparent material having a concave mounting surface configured to be removably mounted on a corneal surface; wirelessly retrieving from the detected eye-mountable device a first set of data; using the retrieved first set of data to determine that a condition has been satisfied; and responsive to using the retrieved first set of data to determine that the condition has been satisfied, retrieving from the detected eye-mountable device a second set of data.
Use of a Tag and Reader Antenna for a Simulated Theremin Effect
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brain Otis
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for providing an audible feedback based on a proximity or a link quality between an external reader and a tag. The external reader transmits power to the tag with a radio frequency electromagnetic signal. The tag may rectify the radio frequency electromagnetic signal and create a rectified voltage. This rectified voltage may be used to power various components of the tag. Once it receives power from the reader, the tag may communicate information back to the external reader. The information communicated back to the reader is communicated by modulating an antenna impedance of the tag. By modulating the impedance, the tag will backscatter radiation transmitted by the reader. The reader is able to create an audio output based on determining the proximity or link quality from the reader to the tag based on the backscatter radiation it receives from the tag.
Methods for Adjusting the Power of an External Reader
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Francis Honore, Brian Otis, Andrew Nelson
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
Disclosed herein are methods and systems for adjusting the power level of an external reader of an electronic device. The external reader transmits power to the electronic device with a radio frequency electromagnetic signal. The electronic device may rectify the radio frequency electromagnetic signal and create a rectified voltage. The rectified voltage may be positively correlated to the power level transmitted by the external device. The rectified power can be used to power a component of the electronic device, such as a component configured to measure either a voltage or power associated with the rectified voltage. The electronic device may communicate the measured voltage or power back to the external reader. Based on the communicated voltage or power, the external reader may adjust its power level of the transmitted power.
Fabrication Methods for Batteries
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, William Biederman, Brian Otis
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
A method may involve forming a first electrode on a structure, where the first electrode defines an anode of a battery, and where the battery is configured to provide electrical power to a circuit located on the structure. The method may further involve forming a second electrode on the structure, where the second electrode defines a cathode of the battery, and where the second electrode is configured to reduce oxygen. And the method may involve embedding the structure in a polymer.
Methods and Apparatus for Positioning a Structure on a Polymer Layer
Inventors: Jeffrey George Linhardt, Daniel Patrick Burrows
Filed Dec 30, 2013
Published Jul 2, 2015
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for positioning a structure on a polymer layer are described. A method may involve forming a first polymer layer. The method may further involve positioning, by an apparatus, a structure on the first polymer layer, where the apparatus comprises a rod having a first end that supports the structure as the structure is being positioned and a plunger located around the first end of the rod that presses the structure onto the first polymer layer as the structure is being positioned. And the method may involve forming a second polymer layer over the first polymer layer and the structure, where the first polymer layer defines a first side of a body-mountable device and the second polymer layer defines a second side of the body-mountable device opposite the first side.
Battery
Inventors: Ramesh Bhardwaj, James Etzkorn
Filed Jan 24, 2014
Published Jul 30, 2015
Abstract:
A battery includes an electrolyte disposed on a substantially planar substrate. The electrolyte has a first surface extending from the substrate and in contact with a cathode. The electrolyte has a second surface extending from the substrate and in contact with an anode. The second surface is opposite the first surface. The anode and the cathode are non-overlapping. The battery additionally includes a biocompatible protective layer that covers the electrolyte and at least portions of the anode and cathode. The battery can be disposed in an eye-mountable device or other device to power electronics in the device. The battery can be configured to be rechargeable.
Silicon-Vacancy-Doped Nanodiamonds for Molecular and Cellular Imaging
Inventors: Victor Marcel Acosta, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Andrew Homyk, Eric Peeters, Jason Donald Thompson
Filed Feb 21, 2014
Published Aug 27, 2015
Abstract:
An imaging agent for detecting analytes in a biological environment includes functionalized, silicon vacancy center-containing nanodiamonds. Individual nanodiamonds of the imaging agent include at least one silicon vacancy center. The at least one silicon vacancy center can emit light having a wavelength in a narrow band in response to illumination having any wavelength in a wide range of wavelengths. The nanodiamonds are functionalized to selectively interact with an analyte of interest. The nanodiamonds can additionally include other color centers, and the imaging agent can include a plurality of sets of nanodiamonds having detectably unique ratios of silicon vacancy centers to other color centers. The silicon vacancy centers in the nanodiamonds can have a preferred orientation enabling orientation tracking of individual nanodiamonds or other applications. A method for detecting properties of the analyte of interest by interacting with the imaging agent is also provided.
Engineered Particles with Polarization Contrast and Alignment Control for Enhanced Imaging
Inventors: Andrew Homyk, Victor Marcel Acosta, Vikram Singh Bajaj
Filed Feb 24, 2014
Published Aug 27, 2015
Abstract:
An engineered particle for detecting analytes in an environment includes an electromagnetic receiver that is configured to preferentially receive electromagnetic radiation of a specified polarization relative to the orientation of the electromagnetic receiver. The engineered particle additionally includes an energy emitter coupled to the electromagnetic receiver such that a portion of electromagnetic energy received by the electromagnetic receiver is transferred to and emitted by the energy emitter. The engineered particles are functionalized to selectively interact with an analyte. The engineered particle can additionally be configured to align with a directed energy field in the environment. The selective reception of electromagnetic radiation of a specified polarization and/or alignment with a directed energy field can enable orientation tracking of individual engineered particles, imaging in high-noise environments, or other applications. A method for detecting properties of the analyte of interest by interacting with the engineered particle is also provided.
Reference Frequency from Ambient Light Signal
Inventors: Robert Francis Wiser, Daniel James Yeager
Filed Mar 11, 2014
Granted Nov 10, 2015
Abstract:
A system includes an oscillator referenced to a frequency extracted from periodic intensity modulations of incident light. The incident light can be intensity modulated based on the frequency of the AC voltage that powers artificial lighting. The system includes a light-sensitive element configured to generate an output signal indicative of an intensity of incident light and a controller. The controller can receive a first input signal based on the output signal from the light-sensitive element. In the presence of artificial lighting, the first input signal has a frequency based on a reference frequency at which an intensity of light incident on the light-sensitive element periodically varies. The controller can generate a control signal based in part on the reference frequency. The controller can provide the generated control signal to the adjustable oscillator to thereby adjust the oscillator frequency.
Device With Dual Power Sources
Inventors: William James Biederman, Nathan Pletcher, Andrew Nelson, Daniel Yeager
Filed Apr 22, 2014
Published Mar 19, 2015
Abstract:
A wearable device includes a sensor, auxiliary electronics, a primary power supply configured to harvest radio frequency (RF) radiation received from an external reader and use the harvested RF radiation to power the sensor, and an auxiliary power supply configured to harvest energy other than that received from the external reader and use the harvested energy to supply power to the sensor and/or the auxiliary electronics. The external reader may supply less power in response to operation of the auxiliary power supply. Additionally or alternatively, in response to a determination that the auxiliary power supply is unable to supply power, the wearable device may disable all auxiliary electronics but for the sensor. In response to a determination that the primary power supply is unable to supply power but the auxiliary power supply is able to supply power, the wearable device may retain operating parameters in the memory storage unit using the auxiliary power supply.
System for laser ablation surgery
Inventors: Hao Du, Xiaoyu Miao
Filed May 20, 2014
Published Nov 26, 2015
Abstract:
An active tracking system includes an imager configured to image the temperature of a biological tissue and a heating laser configured to heat regions of the biological tissue. The imager locates high-temperature regions of the biological tissue and the heating laser is controlled to point toward target regions of the biological tissue based on the located high-temperature regions. The active tracking system can be used to control a heating laser to continuously heat a target region of a biological tissue even when the target region moves relative to the heating laser. The active tracking system could allow one or more target regions of a biological tissue to be tagged with heat by the heating laser and to be tracked even when the one or more target regions move relative to the heating laser. Devices and methods for operating such active tracking systems are also provided.
Needle-Free Blood Draw
Inventors: Eric Peeters, Peter H. Smith
Filed May 28, 2014
Published Dec 3, 2015
Abstract:
A system for needle-free drawing of blood is disclosed. A device can include an evacuated negative-pressure barrel with a membrane sealing an aperture at a distal end, and a housing affixed to a proximal end. An accelerator barrel can be positioned within the negative-pressure barrel and fixed to the housing, with an open proximal end in a chamber in the housing, and an open distal end aligned with the aperture. The chamber can be filled with pressurized gas, and a trigger valve can hydrostatically separate the chamber from the open proximal end of the accelerator barrel. A micro-particle positioned within the accelerator barrel can be accelerated to high speed by an abrupt surge of gas by releasing the trigger valve. The micro-particle can attain enough momentum to pierce the aperture membrane and penetrate adjacent dermal tissue. A resulting micro-emergence of blood can be drawn into the negative pressure barrel.
Adaptive Antenna Tuning Based On Measured Antenna Impedance
Inventors: Stephen ODriscoll
Filed Jun 12, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
A system includes an antenna, an impedance measurement circuit, an impedance tuning circuit, and a controller. The impedance measurement circuit can include a test current source that conveys a test current through the antenna, and a voltage sensor that measure a voltage across the antenna while the test current is conveyed through the antenna. The impedance tuning circuit can be coupled to the antenna leads and can include one or more reactive elements that can be selectively coupled to the antenna, or otherwise adjusted, to effect adjustment of the impedance connected to the antenna. The controller can: (i) use the impedance measurement circuit to obtain a measurement indicative of an impedance of the antenna; (ii) determine an adjustment to the impedance tuning circuit based on the obtained measurement; and (iii) cause the impedance tuning circuit to make the determined adjustment.
Wrist Band Attachment for a Wearable Device
Inventors: Christopher Jones, John Lapetina
Filed Jun 12, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
A wearable device includes an electronics module having a first peripheral mating surface extending around a periphery of the electronics module. The first peripheral mating surface includes a first level portion and a second level portion. The second level portion is substantially concentric with the first level portion. The second level portion is configured to meet the first level portion at the periphery of the electronics module to form a step. The wearable device also includes a strap configured for removable placement about an external body surface. The wearable device further includes a holder coupled to the strap. The holder defines a frame configured to receive the electronics module. The frame includes a second peripheral mating surface opposing the first peripheral mating surface of the electronics module. The second peripheral mating surface includes a respective step configured to mate with the step of the first peripheral mating surface.
Three-Dimensional Wireless Charging Coil
Inventors: John Lapetina, Russell Norman Mirov
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Wearable devices are described herein that include a housing, a magnetic shielding, and a coil. The housing includes a first outer surface, a second outer surface opposite the first outer surface, the second outer surface being narrower than the first outer surface and being configured to contact skin at an external body surface, and a chamfer of a given shape between the first outer surface and the second outer surface. The magnetic shielding is disposed in the housing between the first and second outer surfaces. The coil is disposed in the housing and configured to receive energy via a magnetic field. The coil includes coil windings that substantially fit the shape of the chamfer, where the coil windings include a first portion of windings proximate to the magnetic shielding and further include a second portion of windings narrower than the first portion and proximate to the second outer surface.
,a href=http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220150363617%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20150363617&RS=DN/20150363617>System for Aligning a Handheld RFID Reader
Inventors: Francis Albert Honore
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for providing a visible feedback based on an alignment or a link quality between an external reader and a tag. The external reader transmits power to the tag with a radio frequency electromagnetic signal. The tag may rectify the radio frequency electromagnetic signal and create a rectified voltage. This rectified voltage may be used to power various components of the tag. Once it receives power from the reader, the tag may communicate information back to the external reader. The information communicated back to the reader is communicated by modulating an antenna impedance of the tag. By modulating the impedance, the tag will backscatter radiation transmitted by the reader. The reader is able to create a visual output based on determining the alignment or link quality from the reader to the tag based on the backscatter radiation it receives from the tag.
Zero-Power Wireless Device Programming
Inventors: Daniel James Yeager, Brian Otis, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for loading program data on to an unpowered electronic device, such as an RFID tag that includes volatile memory. Initially, the tag is unpowered. Thus, the volatile memory in the tag will not have any stored data. In order to load data into the memory of the tag, a reader can power the tag wirelessly. The reader includes an antenna configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation and receive backscatter electromagnetic radiation. The reader also includes a processing unit. The processing unit is configured to analyze the backscatter electromagnetic radiation. The processing unit may analyze the backscatter radiation to determine a supply voltage induced in the tag. In response to the induced voltage being greater than a threshold, the processing unit may alter the transmitted electromagnetic radiation to communicate tag data.
Conditional Storage
Inventors: Brian Otis, Daniel James Yeager
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method involves obtaining, by a body-mountable device, sensor data, where the body-mountable device includes a data storage. The method further involves making a determination that each condition in a condition set has been satisfied. In addition, the method involves responsive to making the determination that each condition in the condition set has been satisfied, storing the obtained sensor data in the data storage.
Multipurpose contacts for delivering electro-haptic feedback to a wearer
Inventors: John Lapetina, Russell Norman Mirov
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Wearable devices are described herein including a housing and a mount configured to mount the housing to an external surface of a wearer. The wearable devices further include first and second electrical contacts protruding from the housing and configured such that the electrical contacts can be used to measure a Galvanic skin resistance of skin proximate to the electrical contacts when the wearable device is mounted to the external surface of the wearer. The electrical contacts are additionally configured to deliver an electro-haptic stimulus to skin proximate to the electrical contacts when the wearable device is mounted to the external surface of the wearer. Electro-haptic stimulus could be delivered to a wearer to indicate information to the wearer, including information about a health or activity state of the wearer, about communications received by the wearable device, and about alerts generated by the wearable device.
Contact Lenses
Inventors: Babak Parviz, Brian Otis
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Granted Jun 2, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods for facilitating iris-scanning contact lenses and/or biometric identification employing iris scanning contact lenses are provided. In one implementation, the contact lens can include: a transparent substrate formed to cover at least a portion of an iris of an eye; and a circuit. The circuit can include: one or more light sensors disposed on or within the transparent substrate and that detects light filtered through the iris and incident on the one or more light sensors; readout circuitry, operably coupled to the one or more light sensors, that outputs information indicative of the light filtered through the iris and incident on the one or more light sensors; and a power component that supplies power to the readout circuitry. In various implementations, the contact lens can be employed in systems and/or methods associated with authentication and identification.
Method for using nanodiamonds to detect nearby magnetic nanoparticles
Inventors: Victor Marcel Acosta, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Jason Donald Thompson, Eric Peeters
Filed Jun 27, 2014
Published Dec 31, 2015
Abstract:
An imaging agent for detecting analytes in an environment includes functionalized nanodiamonds and functionalized magnetic particles that can selectively interact with an analyte. Each functionalized nanodiamond contains at least one color center configured emit light in response to illumination. At least one property of the light emitted by the color centers is related to the proximity of the functionalized magnetic particles to the color centers. This property can be detected to determine that the functionalized nanodiamonds are proximate to the functionalized magnetic particles, to determine that the functionalized nanodiamonds and the functionalized magnetic particles are interacting with the analyte, or other applications. Devices and methods for detecting properties of the analyte by interacting with the functionalized nanodiamonds and functionalized magnetic particles are also provided.
Methods for reducing noise in optical biological sensors
Inventors: Jason Donald Thompson, Vikram Singh Bajaj, Victor Marcel Acosta, Tamara Lynn Troy
Filed Jun 30, 2014
Published Dec 31, 2015
Abstract:
Optical measurement of physiological parameters with wearable devices often includes measuring signals in the presence of significant noise sources. These noise sources include, but are not limited to, noise associated with: variable optical coupling to skin or tissue, variations in tissue optical properties with time due to changes in humidity, temperature, hydration, variations in tissue optical properties between individuals, variable coupling of ambient light sources into detectors, and instrument and detector noise, including electrical noise, radio frequency or magnetic interference, or noise caused by mechanical movement of the detector or its components. The present disclosure includes devices and methods configured to produce representations of the raw data in which noise, broadly defined, is separated from the data of interest. The disclosed devices and methods may include subtracting or calibrating out these noise sources and other spurious fluctuations in wearable devices with optical sensors.
Manufacturing Method for Wireless Devices
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Jul 4, 2014
Published Jan 7, 2016
Abstract:
A manufacturing method for a wireless device may involve placing a plurality of antennas on a plastic layer, wherein each of the antennas comprises one or more conductive loops positioned within an inner diameter and an outer diameter; placing a plurality of sensor chips on the plastic layer such that each sensor chip is interconnected to a respective antenna on the plastic layer and is positioned within the inner diameter and outer diameter of the respective antenna, wherein each sensor chip has a respective sensor facing away from the plastic layer and has respective electrical contacts interconnected with the respective antenna; and providing an encapsulation layer over the plurality of antennas and the plurality of sensor chips on the plastic layer.
User Control of Data De-Idenfication
Inventors: Russell Norman Mirov, Brian Taewon Park
Filed Jul 8, 2014
Published Jan 14, 2016
Abstract:
A method for transmitting, storing and sharing data collected by a wearable device is provided. In one example, data related to one or more measurements obtained by the wearable device configured to be mounted to a body surface of a wearer is received in addition to an input by the wearer of the device. The input selects at least one identification rule that determines whether or how the wearer is identified in connection with the data from the wearable device. The data is stored in a database based, at least in part, on the at least one identification rule. The input from the wearer may also select at least one permission rule that determines whether third parties can access the data from the wearable device. A third party may be required to provide payment for access to or use of the data according to the at least one permission rule.
Positioning a wearable device for data collection
Inventors: Andrew Homyk, Jason Donald Thompson, Russell Norman Mirov, Mark West Askew
Filed Jul 11, 2014
Published Jan 14, 2016
Abstract:
Wearable devices are described herein including at least two photodetectors and a mount configured to mount the at least two photodetectors to an external surface of a wearer. The at least two photodetectors are configured to detect alignment between the wearable device and a target on or in the body of the wearer (e.g., to detect the location of vasculature within the body of the wearer relative to the at least two photodetectors). Alignment of the at least two photodetectors relative to the target could enable detection of one or more physiological properties of the wearer. For example, the wearable device could include a sensor configured to detect a property of the target when the sensor is above the target, and alignment of the target relative to the at least two photodetectors could include the sensor being located above the target.
Context Discrimination Using Ambient Light Signal
Inventors: Russell Norman Mirov, Mark Murphy
Filed Jul 16, 2014
Published Jan 21, 2016
Abstract:
A system is configured to discriminate amongst different environments based in part on characteristics of ambient light. Ambient light intensity is measured using a light-sensitive element configured to generate an output signal indicative of an intensity of light incident on the light-sensitive element. A controller is configured to obtain a set of ambient light measurements using the light-sensitive element, and determine that the measurements correspond to a particular ambient light profile. The particular ambient light profile can be one of multiple ambient light profiles that each correspond to a different environment and/or context.
Data Tagging
Inventors: David Andrew Gibson, Mark Murphy
Filed Jul 17, 2014
Published Jan 21, 2016
Abstract:
A method for tagging and organizing data is provided. In one example, physiological data detected from a wearer of a wearable device is received and associated with a tag based, at least in art, on an input by the wearer. The input may be a state of the wearer, such as physical or mental state, or a rule. The collected physiological data may be organized based on the tag and, in some examples, on other types of received data, such as a wearers personal data. In other example methods, data may be stored in a database based on one or more tags associated with the data.
In-vitro contact lens testing
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn
Filed Jul 23, 2014
Published Nov 6, 2014
Abstract:
Contact lens testing apparatuses and method for testing contact lenses for analytes are presented. In an aspect, a device is provided that includes a housing configured to hold one or more contact lenses, and a testing compartment provided within the housing and comprising a reagent, the reagent configured to facilitate a chemical reaction in response to the existence of a predetermined biomarker disposed on or within a contact lens placed in the testing compartment, wherein the chemical reaction produces a known result related to state information of an individual from which the biomarker was generated.
Data Permission Management for Wearable Devices
Inventors: Sarel Kobus Jooste, David Andrew Gibson
Filed Jul 30, 2014
Published Feb 4, 2016
Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for providing rule-based access to data stored on wearable devices are provided. A wearable computing device can store data that includes data about a wearer of the wearable computing device. The wearable computing device can receive a request for a portion of the stored data. The wearable computing device can determine a designated role associated with the request for the portion of the stored data. The wearable computing device can determine one or more rules regarding access to the portion of the stored data based on the designated role. The wearable computing device can determine a response to the request for the portion of the stored data by at least: determining whether the request is validated by at least applying the one or more rules to the request, and after determining that the request is validated, providing the requested portion of the stored data.
Devices and Methods for a Contact Lens with an Outward Facing Light Source
Inventors: Brian Otis, Robert Francis Wiser, Andrew Nelson
Filed Aug 5, 2014
Published Jan 1, 2015
Abstract:
A body-mountable device can include a transparent material and a substrate at least partially embedded in the transparent material. The transparent material can have a mounting surface and a surface opposite the mounting surface. A light source can be disposed on the substrate and configured to emit light through the surface opposite the mounting surface. The light source can be controlled by circuitry disposed on the substrate. The circuitry can be configured to receive modulation instructions and modulate the light emitted by the light source based on the modulation instructions.
Sharing a single electrode between skin resistance and capacitance measurements
Inventors: Patrick Lin Wheeler, Russell Norman Mirov
Filed Aug 6, 2014
Published Feb 11, 2016
Abstract:
Wearable devices are described herein including a housing and a mount configured to mount the housing to an external surface of a wearer. The wearable devices further include first and second electrical contacts protruding from the housing and configured such that the electrical contacts can be used to measure a Galvanic skin resistance of skin proximate to the electrical contacts when the wearable device is mounted to the external surface of the wearer. The electrical contacts are additionally configured to measure a capacitance between electrical contacts. The measured capacitance between the electrical contacts could be related to a capacitance of skin proximate to the electrical contacts when the wearable device is mounted to the external surface of the wearer. The wearable devices further include an electronically switched capacitor connected between the electrical contacts that can be operated to enable the Galvanic skin resistance and capacitance measurements described above.
Passive Detection of Pulse
Inventors: Brian Otis, Robert Francis Wiser
Filed
Aug 29, 2014
Published Mar 3, 2016
Abstract:
A body-mountable light sensing device includes a photodiode configured to receive light from a portion of subsurface vasculature and electronics configured to operate the photodiode to measure the received light. The electronics include a photodiode voltage source configured to reverse bias the photodiode, a current mirror, and a sigma-delta modulator configured to generate a digital output related to the received light and having a high resolution while using low power. The digital output could be used to determine a pulse rate or other properties of blood in the portion of subsurface vasculature by detecting absorption of ambient light by blood in the portion of subsurface vasculature. Components of the body-mountable device could be embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The digital output and/or related information could be wirelessly communicated by the body-mountable device.
Channel Formation
Inventors: Daniel Patrick Barrows, James Etzkorn
Filed
Sep 4, 2014
Published Mar 10, 2016
Abstract:
A body-mountable device may be formed of a polymeric material. A molding form can define a cavity and polymeric material can be formed using the mold to create a device shaped in accordance with the cavity. Electronics disposed on a substrate can be encapsulated within the polymeric material by forming a first layer of polymeric material, positioning the substrate on the first layer, and then forming a second layer of polymeric material over the substrate. A channel can expose a sensor disposed on the substrate. The channel may be formed while molding the second layer of polymeric material over the substrate. The molding form can include a protrusion that extends toward the sensor. A sacrificial sealant material can be applied to the sensor or the protrusion to create a seal between the protrusion and the sensor. The polymeric material forms around the sealed protrusion to create the channel.
Sealed Solid State Battery
Inventors: Ramesh C. Bhardwaj, William James Biederman, James Etzkorn, Brian Otis
Filed Oct 1, 2014
Published Feb 18, 2016
Abstract:
An electrochemical battery can include electrodes (a cathode and an electrode) arranged on respective surfaces of an electrolyte. The electrodes and electrolyte can each be solid state films that can be layered on top of one another to create a stacked structure disposed on a substrate. A polymeric sealant material can be applied over and around the battery stack and a moisture barrier can be formed over the sealant material to thereby prevent moisture from reaching the battery. Conductive terminals electrically coupled to the cathode and anode, respectively, can be formed on a second side of the substrate. As such, the battery can be flip-chip mounted to corresponding mounting pads and thereby connected to other electronics that can receive power from the battery.
Encapsulated Electronics
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Babak Amirparviz
Filed Oct 20, 2014
Published Feb 5, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode and a reference electrode that reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. An example assembly process includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a working substrate; forming a first layer of a bio-compatible material on the sacrificial layer; providing an electronics module on the first layer of the bio-compatible material, forming a second layer of the bio-compatible material to cover the electronics module; and annealing the first and second layers of the bio-compatible material together to form an encapsulated structure having the electronics module fully encapsulated by the bio-compatible material.
Assembly Bonding
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Apr 3, 2015
Published Jul 30, 2015
Abstract:
A contact lens having a thin silicon chip integrated therein is provided along with methods for assembling the silicon chip within the contact lens. In an aspect, a method includes creating a plurality of lens contact pads on a lens substrate and creating a plurality of chip contact pads on a chip. The method further involves applying assembly bonding material to the each of the plurality of lens contact pads or chip contact pads, aligning the plurality of lens contact pads with the plurality of chip contact pads, bonding the chip to the lens substrate via the assembly bonding material using flip chip bonding, and forming a contact lens with the lens substrate.
Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter
Inventors: Alireza Dastgheib, Brian Otis
Filed Apr 16, 2015
Published Aug 13, 2015
Abstract:
A potentiostat includes a voltage regulator, a current mirror, a capacitor, a comparator, a current source, and a counter. The voltage regulator maintains a voltage on a working electrode of an electrochemical sensor. The current mirror develops a mirror current that mirrors an input current from the working electrode. The capacitor is alternately charged by the mirror current, causing the capacitor voltage to increase at a rate related to the currents magnitude, and discharged by a control current, causing the capacitor voltage to decrease. The comparator outputs a waveform that includes upward and downward transitions based on the variations of the capacitor voltage. The current source produces the control current based on the waveform. The counter counts the number of upward or downward transitions in the waveform during a predetermined sampling period to produce a digital output. The digital output is representative of the magnitude of the input current.
Electrochemical Sensor Chip
Inventors: James Etzkorn
Filed Jul 7, 2014
Published Jan 7, 2016
Abstract:
An electrochemical sensor is disposed on a sensor substrate suitable for flip-chip mounting to another substrate. The electrochemical sensor can be fabricated in bulk by patterning sets of electrodes on a common substrate with vias that electrically couple each electrode to a conductive pad on the opposite side of the substrate. The substrate with electrodes thereon can then be diced and the individual electrochemical sensors can be flip-chip mounted in a body-mountable device in which the sensor can be used to obtain analyte concentrations. As a result, fabrication of the electrochemical sensor electrodes can be isolated from fabrication of the other electronics in the device, which can facilitate efficient fabrication of the sensor and allows for other electronics to be fabricated without restrictions associated with the electrode fabrication.
Reader Communication with Contact Lens Sensors and Display Device
Inventors: Frank Honor, Brian Otis, Andrew Nelson
Filed Nov 10, 2014
Published Mar 5, 2015
Abstract:
A reader for communicating with both an eye-mountable device and a display device is provided. The reader can transmit radio frequency power to a tag that is part of the eye-mountable device. The reader can communicates with the tag using a first protocol. Communicating with the tag can include having the reader request data from the tag and receive the requested data from the tag. The reader can process the received data. The reader can store the processed data. The reader can communicates with the display device using a second protocol, where the first and second protocols can differ. Communicating with the display device can include having the reader transmit the stored data to the display device. The display device can receive the transmitted data, process the transmitted data, and generate one or more displays including the transmitted and/or processed data.
In-Situ Tear Sample Colllection and Testing Using a Contact Lens
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 18, 2013
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses having one or more sensor that sense an analyte in tear fluid and one or more recesses that collect the tear fluid. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a recess formed within the substrate configured to collect tear fluid when the contact lens is worn. The contact lens further includes at least one sensor disposed within the substrate configured to sense presence of an analyte in the collected tear fluid.
System and Method for Stablizing Unintentional Muscle Movements
Inventors: Anupam PATHAK
Filed Sep 30, 2011
Published Feb 20, 2014
Abstract:
A system and method for stabilizing a position of an object are disclosed. The system comprises a housing that includes a subsystem. The system also includes an attachment arm coupled to the housing. At least one first sensor is placed along the attachment arm, wherein the attachment arm is configured to receive the object thereto. In response to an unintentional muscle movement by a user that adversely affects the motion of the object, the subsystem stabilizes the position of the object. The method comprises providing a subsystem within a housing and coupling an attachment arm to the housing. The method also includes placing at least one first sensor along the attachment arm, wherein the attachment arm is configured to receive the object thereto. In response to an unintentional muscle movement by a user that adversely affects the motion of the object, the subsystem stabilizes the position of the object.
Sensing System
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Babak Amirparviz, Eric Teller
Filed Sep 17, 2012
Published Mar 20, 2014
Abstract:
This disclosure relates to systems and/or methods for detection of eye blinking using an active contact lens with multiple sensors and detecting orientation of the active contact lens.
Stablizing Unintentional Muscle Mopvements
Inventors: Anupam PATHAK
Filed Jul 3, 2013
Published Nov 7, 2013
Abstract:
A system and method for stabilizing unintentional muscle movements are disclosed. In a first aspect, a non-contact sensing system comprises a stabilization unit, at least one non-contact position sensor coupled to the stabilization unit, and a processing unit coupled to the at least one non-contact position sensor, wherein the processing unit transmits motion commands to the stabilization unit to cancel unintentional muscle movements. In a second aspect, the method comprises a processing unit of a non-contact sensing system receiving position data of a stabilization unit that is detected by at least one non-contact position sensor and filtering the position data to identify the unintentional muscle movements. The method includes modeling the position data to create a system model and determining motor commands based upon the system model to cancel the unintentional muscle movements.
Optical Communication for Body Mountable Devices
Inventors: Brian Otis, Travis Deyle
Filed Jun 13, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
A system includes one or more optical emitters, a transceiver, and a body mountable device. The optical emitters emit light and are configured to be used in luminaires. The transceiver is coupled to receive input data from a data network and coupled to selectively modulate the optical emitters to transmit the optical data. Selectively modulating the optical emitters is in response to the input data. The body mountable device includes a photodetector coupled to receive the optical data and processing circuitry configured to initiate an action in response to receiving the optical data from the photodetector.
Capacitive Gaze Tracking for Auto-Accomodation in a Contact Lens
Inventors: William J. Biederman, Brian Otis, Daniel J. Yeager, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Dec 31, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
A method of capacitive gaze detection for accommodation includes monitoring at least one capacitance value of a capacitive sensor system disposed within a contact lens. The at least one capacitance value varies in response to changes in a gazing direction of a cornea upon which the contact lens is removeably mounted. The changes in the gazing direction of the cornea are detected in real-time based upon changes in the at least one capacitance value. An accommodation actuator disposed within the contact lens is manipulated to automatically change an optical power of the contact lens in response to detecting changes in the gazing direction.
Contact Lens with Capacitive Gaze Tracking
Inventors: Daniel J. Yeager, William J. Biederman, Brian Otis, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Dec 31, 2014
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an enclosure material, a capacitive sensor system, and a controller. The enclosure material has a concave surface and a convex surface. The concave surface is configured to be removeably mounted over a cornea and the convex surface is configured to be compatible with eyelid motion when the concave surface is so mounted. The capacitive sensor system is disposed within the enclosure material. The capacitive sensor system has at least one capacitance value that varies with changes in a gazing direction of the cornea. The controller is disposed within the enclosure material and electrically connected to the capacitive sensor system. The controller is configured to measure the capacitance value of the capacitive sensor system to detect the changes in the gazing direction.
Adapter to Attach Implements to an Actively Controlled Human Tremor Cancellation Platform
Inventors: Anupam J. Pathak
Filed Apr 8, 2015
Published Oct 22, 2015
Abstract:
Embodiments are disclosed of an adapter for coupling an implement to a tremor cancellation platform. The adapter includes a first section attached to the tremor cancellation platform, the first section comprising an elongated tapered key having a base and a tip, the base having a greater transverse dimension than the tip and the base being attached to the tremor cancellation platform. The adapter also includes a second section coupled to the implement, the second section including a tapered cavity sized and shaped to receive the first section, and a latch to lock the second section onto the first section.
Power Delivery for Accomodation by an Eye-Mountable Device
Inventors: William J. Biederman
Filed Apr 23, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Techniques and mechanisms to power automatic accommodation by an eye-mountable device. In an embodiment, the eye-mountable device includes an accommodation actuator to change an optical strength of the eye-mountable device. Control logic of the eye-mountable device is to transition a supply voltage between different levels to drive operation of the accommodation actuator, including the control logic to perform a step-wise transition of the supply voltage from a first voltage level to a second voltage level. In another embodiment, the control logic includes a bidirectional direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter. During the step-wise transition of the supply voltage, the bidirectional DC-DC converter is configured to aid in recharging a battery of the eye-mountable device with charge from the accommodation actuator.
Flexable Conductor for Use withing a Contact Lens
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, Jeffrey G. Linhardt, Scott B. Kennedy
Filed Apr 30, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes a flexible lens enclosure, anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes, and an accommodation actuator element. The flexible lens enclosure includes anterior and posterior layers that are sealed together. The anterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across a center region of the flexible lens enclosure on a concave side of the anterior layer. The posterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across the center region on a convex side of the posterior layer. The accommodation actuator element is disposed between the first and second flexible conductive electrodes. The anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes are transparent and electrically manipulate the accommodation actuator element.
Method, Device and System for Accessing an Eye-Mountable Device with a User Interface
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Robert F. Wiser, Daniel J. Yeager, Shung-neng Lee
Filed May 1, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Techniques and mechanisms for providing access to an accommodation-capable eye-mountable device via a user interface of an auxiliary device. In an embodiment, the user interface provides prompts for a user of the eye-mountable device to perform various viewing actions, where the eye-mountable device receives from the auxiliary device communications indicating respective times of the viewing actions. Based on the communications, the eye-mountable device generates configuration information indicating a correspondence of respective states of the eye-mountable device to respective characteristics of the viewing actions. In another embodiment, operational modes of the eye-mountable device are defined based on the configuration information.
Eye-Mountable Device To Provide Automatic Accomodation and Method of Making Same
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Jeffrey G. Linhardt, Brian Otis
Filed May 12, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Techniques and mechanisms for providing an eye-mountable device including an accommodation actuator. In an embodiment, fabrication of the eye-mountable device includes sealing layers of enclosure material to form a lens enclosure comprising a pinch-off region where the layers of enclosure material physically contact one another. The accommodation actuator includes a liquid crystal layer disposed between the layers of enclosure material in a central region around which the pinch-off region extends. In another embodiment, electrodes are disposed in the central region each between the liquid crystal layer and a respective one of the layers of enclosure material. The liquid crystal layer isolates the electrodes from one another in the central region.
Microelectrodes in an Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed May 15, 2015
Published Sep 3, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting in front of a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have at least one dimension less than 25 micrometers. The reference electrode can have an area at least five times greater than an area of the working electrode. A portion of the polymeric material can surround the working electrode and the reference electrode such that an electrical current conveyed between the working electrode and the reference electrode is passed through the at least partially surrounding portion of the transparent polymeric material.
Failsafe Operation of Eye-Mountable Device
Inventors: Shungneng Lee, Jennifer Han, Brian Otis, Daniel James Yeager, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Jun 11, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
An embodiment of an eye-mountable device includes an optical lens; an accommodation actuator to provide vision accommodation for the optical lens; a controller including an accommodation logic to select one of a plurality of vision accommodation states for the device, the plurality of vision accommodation states including at least a failsafe focal distance; and a failsafe subsystem including a system health detector, the system health detector to monitor for one or more operational indicators for the device, wherein the failsafe subsystem is to cause the device to transition to a failsafe mode upon the failsafe subsystem identifying a failure condition for the device, the failsafe mode includes setting the vision accommodation state to be the failsafe focal distance.
Apparatus, System and Method For Gaze Tracking Based on Photodection by an Eye-Mountable Device
Inventors: Jennifer Han, Nathan Pletcher, Robert Francis Wiser, Brian Otis
Filed Jun 11, 2015
Published Dec 17, 2015
Abstract:
Techniques and mechanisms for determining a direction of gaze by a user of an eye-mountable device. In an embodiment, the eye-mountable device includes a first circuit and a second circuit, each comprising a respective photodiode. The second circuit is configured to provide a light response profile that is more linear than a light response profile provided by the first circuit. Light sensing by the first circuit results in generation of a first signal indicating a level of ambient light in a surrounding environment. Other light sensing by the second circuit results in a second signal being generated. A direction of gaze by a cornea of the user is detected based at least in part on the first signal and the second signal. In another embodiment, the first signal is provided to configure the second circuit.
Symmetrically Arranged Sensor Electrodes in an Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Zenghe Liu
Filed Jun 17, 2015
Published Oct 8, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have a first side edge and a second side edge. The reference electrode can be situated such that at least a portion of the first and second side edges of the working electrode are adjacent respective sections of the reference electrode.
Facilitation of Contact Lenses with Capacitive Sensors
Inventors: Nathan Pletcher, Brian Otis
Filed Jul 26, 2012
Granted Oct 14, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lens with capacitive sensors are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes: a substrate; a capacitive sensor, disposed on or within the substrate, that senses a capacitance on the contact lens; and a circuit disposed on or within the substrate. In some aspects, the circuit can include a capacitance analysis component that determines a condition of an eyelid associated with the eye over which the contact lens is disposed and/or a parameter associated with the eye over which the contact lens is disposed. In some aspects, the condition can be a blink of an eyelid. In some aspects, the parameter can be at least one of a pressure of an object in proximity to the contact lens, a thickness or type of a layer of material disposed on or within the contact lens or a composition of material on the contact lens.
Facilitation of Contact Lenses with Capacitive Sensors
Inventors: Brian Otis, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Sep 23, 2013
Granted Oct 21, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lens with capacitive sensors are provided. In some aspects, a contact lens includes: a substrate; a capacitive sensor, disposed on or within the substrate, that senses a capacitance on the contact lens; and a circuit disposed on or within the substrate. In some aspects, the circuit can include a capacitance analysis component that determines a condition of an eyelid associated with the eye over which the contact lens is disposed and/or a parameter associated with the eye over which the contact lens is disposed. In some aspects, the condition can be a blink of an eyelid. In some aspects, the parameter can be at least one of a pressure of an object in proximity to the contact lens, a thickness or type of a layer of material disposed on or within the contact lens or a composition of material on the contact lens.
Symmetrically Arranged Sensor Electrodes in an Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Zenghe Liu
Filed Sep 23, 2013
Granted Nov 4, 2014
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have a first side edge and a second side edge. The reference electrode can be situated such that at least a portion of the first and second side edges of the working electrode are adjacent respective sections of the reference electrode.
Microelectrodes In An Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Oct 12, 2012
Granted Feb 24, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have at least one dimension less than 25 micrometers. The reference electrode can have an area at least five times greater than an area of the working electrode. A portion of the polymeric material can surround the working electrode and the reference electrode such that an electrical current conveyed between the working electrode and the reference electrode is passed through the at least partially surrounding portion of the transparent polymeric material.
Microelectrodes In An Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: Zenghe Liu
Filed Sep 19, 2013
Granted Jun 16, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have at least one dimension less than 25 micrometers. The reference electrode can have an area at least five times greater than an area of the working electrode. A portion of the polymeric material can surround the working electrode and the reference electrode such that an electrical current conveyed between the working electrode and the reference electrode is passed through the at least partially surrounding portion of the transparent polymeric material.
Input Detection System
Inventors: Harvey Ho, Olivia Hatalsky, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Sep 28, 2012
GrantedJun 23, 2015
Abstract:
Systems for determining an individuals current focal plane by measuring parameters associated with binocular vision focusing using one or two contact lenses are provided. In an aspect, a system includes a first contact lens and a second contact lens respectively configured to be worn over first and second eyes of an individual. The first contact lens and the second contact lens respectively include first and second substrates, and first and second circuits respectively disposed on or within the first and second substrates and configured to respectively generate first data related to a focal trajectory of the first eye and second data related to a focal trajectory of the second eye, wherein the first circuit employs the second contact lens to generate the first data and the second circuit employs the first contact lens to generate the second data.
Symmetrically Arranged Sensor Electrodes in an Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor
Inventors: James Etzkorn, Zenghe Liu
Filed Jun 17, 2013
Granted Jul 21, 2015
Abstract:
An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. The working electrode can have a first side edge and a second side edge. The reference electrode can be situated such that at least a portion of the first and second side edges of the working electrode are adjacent respective sections of the reference electrode.
Input System
Inventors: Xiaoyu Miao, Harvey Ho, Nathan Pletcher
Filed Aug 24, 2012
GrantedAug 18, 2015
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods that facilitate eye tracking using a contact lens are provided. In some aspects, the contact lens includes: a substrate; an antenna, disposed on or within the substrate, that harvests radio frequency energy; an integrated circuit, disposed on or within the substrate, that receives power from the antenna; and electrical components, disposed on or within the substrate, that determine motion of an eye over which the contact lens is placed, and perform tracking of the eye based, at least, on the motion. For example, the motion of the eye can be determined based on telemetry components fabricated on or within a substrate of the contact lens. In some aspects, the contact lens can include light emitters that radiate light in a direction of the gaze of the wearer of the contact lens. A heads-up device can perform eye tracking based on the direction of the light beams.
In-Situ Tear Sample Collection And Testing Using a Contact Lens
Inventors: Zenghe Liu, James Etzkorn
Filed Sep 18, 2013
Published Jul 10, 2014
Abstract:
Apparatus, systems and methods employing contact lenses having one or more sensor that sense an analyte in tear fluid and one or more recesses that collect the tear fluid. In some aspects, a contact lens includes a substrate that forms at least part of a body of the contact lens and a recess formed within the substrate configured to collect tear fluid when the contact lens is worn. The contact lens further includes at least one sensor disposed within the substrate configured to sense presence of an analyte in the collected tear fluid.
Referral Request System
Inventors: Joshua Logan Howard Brimdyr
Filed Aug 24, 2004
Granted May 22, 2012
Abstract:
A method for electronically managing patient referrals includes, in a network of interconnected computers, submitting a referral request by a first provider, accepting the referral request by a second provider, obtaining an insurance approval of the referral request, importing a medical record for a patient from a external system, exporting the imported medical record to the external system, updating the medical record with diagnostic information, and updating a status of the referral request.
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments Parts Of A Business Marketing Poster ExplainedNow, there are posters for advertising, and there are posters for specific business marketing. In this special guide, I will teach you about the parts of business marketing posters. These kinds of cu...
Author: Kate Manheaven
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments How Viral Marketing Improves Online EfficiencyViral marketing is a promotional strategy that has been in use for quite some time and has transitioned over onto the internet quite successfully. The strength behind this particular advertising tech...
Author: TJ Philpott
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Digg twitter Facebook bathroom renovation sarasota del.icio.us" alt="Post this article on del.icio.us" border="0"/> del.icio.us MySpace Comments Marketing Writing Seven Ideas for the Market Strategy of Your Article Writing BusinessArticle writing is a great way to use writing marketing business that brings. By publishing articles on an article directory (such as articlecity.com) can expand its reputation and reach an audience ...
Author: Hilal Technology
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments The Critical Aspects Of Social Media And Its Overall EffectivenessSocial media has established a prominent presence as form of marketing utilized by companies in countless industries worldwide. There are a variety of inherent factors that can prove to substantially...
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments High tech marketing for modest business enterpriseWhat is High tech marketing? In a business market where senior managers have completely different consumer lifestyles than the younger talent, its time that everyone gets on the same page about mar...
Author: Enyonstack
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Digg twitter Facebook http://www.improvementscatalog.com/ del.icio.us" border="0"/> del.icio.us MySpace Comments How To Make Your Online Business ProgressiveThis article is all about internet marketing, using the power of internet, a business owner can gain profits and be ahead of the competitors. Internet marketing is used to increase income and promote...
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments How to Handle a Large Volume of Customer Inquiries and Sales with Style and EaseThe telephone is not just another household device. Today, most of the businesses around the globe have at least one phone within reach to handle a multitude of purposes. From simple customer inquiri...
Author: Deborah Campbell
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Digg twitter Facebook del.icio.us MySpace Comments Developing A Strategy For Real Estate Mobile MarketingRealtors are constantly seeking new ways to control business costs, in a slow market. Placing print advertisements, and printing up fliers to leave at listings, may eat a sizable portion of a realtor...
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Smart Website Design Principles for Sticky Pages
If you are in business on the net, then a huge part of establishing trust with potential customers lies with your choices made in your website design. Once you get enough education about what is important, then you can design your site according to your liking as well as what your niche will accept. So if you are new and struggling, then you are probably wondering what needs to be done. Help is here because we will treat you to some effective webpage design tips that will only help you make better sites.
How to Benefit From 404 Pages: You're surely familiar with the "page not found" or 404 Page, which indicates an error was made in typing in the url. Many website owners don't realize the connection between 404 pages and smart web design. It's really a relevant topic, because 404 pages represent a missed opportunity for every potential customer who never reaches your actual site. You should instead spend some time to design a custom 404 page where the visitor is presented with a number of options so that he/she finds a way back to your website. The number of visitors you can lose to a 404 page can add up over time, and many people who end up there don't realize they made a mistake and will think your site is broken. There's no one right way to custom design your 404 page; just make it a direct path to your site and you can't go wrong.
One of the old standards of linking, and still remains, is giving people the ability to back to your homepage.
There are a bunch of different ways to get this done, but it has to be obvious that it is the link back to the main page. Plus you do need to ensure that all of your pages have the homepage link on it. If you lack consistency with link placement, people probably will get the feeling the site is unprofessional. If you use a logo, the very often people will, or may, assume the logo link is the homepage link - but we would not always assume people know.
Alternate Domains: to make sure that your brand is protected and that everybody can find your site, you should register alternate and multiple versions of your domain name with a variety of extensions. This is a step that just prevents others from using the available (similar) domain names for themselves. Although not directly related to your website's design, this step is to ensure that you don't lose any valuable visitors. Then all you do is re-direct everything to your main site (it's what big companies do when they want to increase brand awareness for their websites). For example, besides registering the .com extension, you can also register .net and .org extensions so that you own all the three popular extensions. This will help you protect yourself against search engine competition from those other domains. Every little design element that you add to your website will in some way or the other contribute to the overall growth of your site, so make sure you're spending a good amount of time improving the web design of your site so that you're not only able to get new visitors, but also retain the old ones.
